hexdsl's blurbloghttps://hexdsl.newsblur.com/2023-03-14T08:28:04.922000ZhexdslA Parts Bin Cyberdeck Built for Satellite Hacking2023-03-14T08:28:04.922000ZTom Nardihttps://hackaday.com/2023/03/12/a-parts-bin-cyberdeck-built-for-satellite-hacking/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/a-parts-bin-cyberdec/1493574:a74716">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="450" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/spacedeck_feat.jpg?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>While there’s little in the way of hard rules dictating what constitutes a cyberdeck, one popular opinion is that it should be a piecemeal affair — a custom rig built up of whatever high-tech detritus the intrepid hacker can get their hands on, whether it be through trades or the time-honored tradition of dumpster diving. It should also be functional, and ideally, capable of some feats which would be difficult to accomplish with a garden variety laptop.</p>
<p>If you’re looking for an example that embraces these concepts to the fullest, look no further than the <a href="https://saveitforparts.wordpress.com/2023/02/08/the-saveitforparts-spacedeck-v1-a-cyberdeck-for-space/" target="_blank">Spacedeck built by [saveitforparts]</a>. Combining a touch screen all-in-one computer pulled from a police cruiser in the early 2000s, an RTL-SDR, and the contents of several parts bins, the rig is designed to work in conjunction with his growing collection of motorized satellite dishes to sniff out signals from space.</p>
<p><a href="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/spacedeck_detail.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-580203" height="300" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/spacedeck_detail.jpg?w=400" width="400" /></a>As you can see in the build video below, the design for this mobile satellite hacking station was originally very different, featuring considerably more modern hardware with all the buzzword interfaces and protocols you’d expect. But [saveitforparts] couldn’t get all the parts talking satisfactorily, so he went in the closet and dug out one of the surplus police terminals he’d picked up a while back.</p>
<p>He didn’t have the appropriate connector to power the machine up, but by cracking open the case and tracing out the wires, he figured out where he needed to inject the 12 V to get it spun up. From there he installed a new Mini PCI WiFi adapter, loaded up an era-appropriate build of Linux, and got the standard software-defined radio tools up and running.</p>
<p>What really sets this build apart are the two custom panels. The top one offers access to the various ports on the computer, as well as provides a sort of switchboard that connects the RTL-SDR to various onboard filters. The lower panel includes the hardware and controls necessary to aim different styles of motorized satellite dishes, as well as a USB hub and connector that leads into a commercial satellite meter tucked into the case.</p>
<p>At the end of the video [saveitforparts] demonstrates the various capabilities of the Spacedeck, such as the ability to pull in imagery from weather satellites. Considering the sort of <a href="https://hackaday.com/2023/02/24/hunting-for-space-pirates/">satellite sniffing we’ve seen him pull off in the past</a>, we have no doubt this machine is going to be listening in on some interesting transmissions before too long.</p>
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<p><iframe class="youtube-player" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L8XOqrKBM5w?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en-US&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" style="border: 0;" width="800"></iframe></p>Tiny-C Compiler (2001)2023-03-14T08:26:40.382000Zhttp://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~felipe/IFT2030-Automne2002/Complements/tinyc.c<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/tiny-c-compiler-2001/6124077:d1bcf1">shared this story</a>
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#include
#include
/*
* This is a compiler for the Tiny-C language. Tiny-C is a
* considerably stripped down version of C and it is meant as a
* pedagogical tool for learning about compilers. The integer global
* variables "a" to "z" are predefined and initialized to zero, and it
* is not possible to declare new variables. The compiler reads the
* program from standard input and prints out the value of the
* variables that are not zero. The grammar of Tiny-C in EBNF is:
*
* ::=
* ::= "if" |
* "if" "else" |
* "while" |
* "do" "while" ";" |
* "{" { } "}" |
* ";" |
* ";"
* ::= "(" ")"
* ::= | "="
* ::= | ""
* ::= | "+" | "-"
* ::= | |
* ::= "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | ... | "z"
* ::=
*
* Here are a few invocations of the compiler:
*
* % echo "a=b=c=23;" | ./a.out
* a = 1
* b = 1
* c = 1
* % echo "{ i=1; while (i100) i=i+i; }" | ./a.out
* i = 128
* % echo "{ i=125; j=100; while (i-j) if (i= '9')
{ int_val = 0; /* missing overflow check */
while (ch >= '0' && ch = '9')
{ int_val = int_val*10 + (ch - '0'); next_ch(); }
sym = INT;
}
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch = 'z')
{ int i = 0; /* missing overflow check */
while ((ch >= 'a' && ch = 'z') || ch == '_')
{ id_name[i++] = ch; next_ch(); }
id_name[i] = '\0';
sym = 0;
while (words[sym] != NULL && strcmp(words[sym], id_name) != 0)
sym++;
if (words[sym] == NULL)
if (id_name[1] == '\0') sym = ID; else syntax_error();
}
else
syntax_error();
}
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Parser. */
enum { VAR, CST, ADD, SUB, LT, SET,
IF1, IF2, WHILE, DO, EMPTY, SEQ, EXPR, PROG };
struct node { int kind; struct node *o1, *o2, *o3; int val; };
typedef struct node node;
node *new_node(int k)
{ node *x = (node*)malloc(sizeof(node)); x->kind = k; return x; }
node *paren_expr(); /* forward declaration */
node *term() /* ::= | | */
{ node *x;
if (sym == ID) { x=new_node(VAR); x->val=id_name[0]-'a'; next_sym(); }
else if (sym == INT) { x=new_node(CST); x->val=int_val; next_sym(); }
else x = paren_expr();
return x;
}
node *sum() /* ::= | "+" | "-" */
{ node *t, *x = term();
while (sym == PLUS || sym == MINUS)
{ t=x; x=new_node(sym==PLUS?ADD:SUB); next_sym(); x->o1=t; x->o2=term(); }
return x;
}
node *test() /* ::= | "" */
{ node *t, *x = sum();
if (sym == LESS)
{ t=x; x=new_node(LT); next_sym(); x->o1=t; x->o2=sum(); }
return x;
}
node *expr() /* ::= | "=" */
{ node *t, *x;
if (sym != ID) return test();
x = test();
if (x->kind == VAR && sym == EQUAL)
{ t=x; x=new_node(SET); next_sym(); x->o1=t; x->o2=expr(); }
return x;
}
node *paren_expr() /* ::= "(" ")" */
{ node *x;
if (sym == LPAR) next_sym(); else syntax_error();
x = expr();
if (sym == RPAR) next_sym(); else syntax_error();
return x;
}
node *statement()
{ node *t, *x;
if (sym == IF_SYM) /* "if" */
{ x = new_node(IF1);
next_sym();
x->o1 = paren_expr();
x->o2 = statement();
if (sym == ELSE_SYM) /* ... "else" */
{ x->kind = IF2;
next_sym();
x->o3 = statement();
}
}
else if (sym == WHILE_SYM) /* "while" */
{ x = new_node(WHILE);
next_sym();
x->o1 = paren_expr();
x->o2 = statement();
}
else if (sym == DO_SYM) /* "do" "while" ";" */
{ x = new_node(DO);
next_sym();
x->o1 = statement();
if (sym == WHILE_SYM) next_sym(); else syntax_error();
x->o2 = paren_expr();
if (sym == SEMI) next_sym(); else syntax_error();
}
else if (sym == SEMI) /* ";" */
{ x = new_node(EMPTY); next_sym(); }
else if (sym == LBRA) /* "{" { } "}" */
{ x = new_node(EMPTY);
next_sym();
while (sym != RBRA)
{ t=x; x=new_node(SEQ); x->o1=t; x->o2=statement(); }
next_sym();
}
else /* ";" */
{ x = new_node(EXPR);
x->o1 = expr();
if (sym == SEMI) next_sym(); else syntax_error();
}
return x;
}
node *program() /* ::= */
{ node *x = new_node(PROG);
next_sym(); x->o1 = statement(); if (sym != EOI) syntax_error();
return x;
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Code generator. */
enum { IFETCH, ISTORE, IPUSH, IPOP, IADD, ISUB, ILT, JZ, JNZ, JMP, HALT };
typedef char code;
code object[1000], *here = object;
void g(code c) { *here++ = c; } /* missing overflow check */
code *hole() { return here++; }
void fix(code *src, code *dst) { *src = dst-src; } /* missing overflow check */
void c(node *x)
{ code *p1, *p2;
switch (x->kind)
{ case VAR : g(IFETCH); g(x->val); break;
case CST : g(IPUSH); g(x->val); break;
case ADD : c(x->o1); c(x->o2); g(IADD); break;
case SUB : c(x->o1); c(x->o2); g(ISUB); break;
case LT : c(x->o1); c(x->o2); g(ILT); break;
case SET : c(x->o2); g(ISTORE); g(x->o1->val); break;
case IF1 : c(x->o1); g(JZ); p1=hole(); c(x->o2); fix(p1,here); break;
case IF2 : c(x->o1); g(JZ); p1=hole(); c(x->o2); g(JMP); p2=hole();
fix(p1,here); c(x->o3); fix(p2,here); break;
case WHILE: p1=here; c(x->o1); g(JZ); p2=hole(); c(x->o2);
g(JMP); fix(hole(),p1); fix(p2,here); break;
case DO : p1=here; c(x->o1); c(x->o2); g(JNZ); fix(hole(),p1); break;
case EMPTY: break;
case SEQ : c(x->o1); c(x->o2); break;
case EXPR : c(x->o1); g(IPOP); break;
case PROG : c(x->o1); g(HALT); break;
}
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Virtual machine. */
int globals[26];
void run()
{ int stack[1000], *sp = stack;
code *pc = object;
again: switch (*pc++)
{ case IFETCH: *sp++ = globals[*pc++]; goto again;
case ISTORE: globals[*pc++] = sp[-1]; goto again;
case IPUSH : *sp++ = *pc++; goto again;
case IPOP : --sp; goto again;
case IADD : sp[-2] = sp[-2] + sp[-1]; --sp; goto again;
case ISUB : sp[-2] = sp[-2] - sp[-1]; --sp; goto again;
case ILT : sp[-2] = sp[-2] sp[-1]; --sp; goto again;
case JMP : pc += *pc; goto again;
case JZ : if (*--sp == 0) pc += *pc; else pc++; goto again;
case JNZ : if (*--sp != 0) pc += *pc; else pc++; goto again;
}
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Main program. */
int main()
{ int i;
c(program());
for (i=0; i26; i++)
globals[i] = 0;
run();
for (i=0; i26; i++)
if (globals[i] != 0)
printf("%c = %d\n", 'a'+i, globals[i]);
return 0;
}
<p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>An end to typographic widows on the web2023-03-14T08:25:58.638000Zhttps://clagnut.com/blog/2424<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/an-end-to-typographi/6124077:839d5c">shared this story</a>
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<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://clagnut.com/i/rrutter.jpg" /></div><p>Another value in the specification is <code>text-wrap:pretty</code>. If it’s ever implemented, this might – as an outcome – reduce widows and orphans in running text. For decades there have been sophisticated algorithms for wrapping text across multiple lines. For performance purposes, browsers use the most basic approach, the so-called first-fit/greedy algorithm, which takes one line at a time, wrapping if it’s too long, and moving on to the next. In typographers’ eyes this gives sub-optimal results, and is one of the reasons text justification is so awful on the web.</p>
<p>Better algorithms, such as <a href="https://github.com/bramstein/typeset/">Knuth-Plass</a>, take into account entire paragraphs and achieve a more nuanced approach to text wrapping by reducing and increasing spacing between words. The spec says that <q>as optimal results often take more time, <code>pretty</code> is offered as an opt-in to take more time for better results. The <code>pretty</code> value is intended for body text, where the last line is expected to be a bit shorter than the average line. [… The browser] should bias for better layout over speed, and is expected to consider multiple lines, when making break decisions.</q></p>
<p>Algorithms such as Knuth-Plass won’t necessarily eliminate widows and orphans, but might go some way to doing so. The reluctance to using such approaches is understandable, however, as they can be extremely demanding: the processing requirements increase quadratically with the paragraph length. That said, a value such as <code>pretty</code> gives the option to choose different text wrapping procedures depending on conditions (resident processing power, length of text, etc). Once day perhaps. Meanwhile I’d settle for direct control over widows and orphans in text blocks.</p><p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>Fans are already modding the Resident Evil 4 Remake demo2023-03-14T08:23:42.214000ZVictoria Kennedyhttps://www.eurogamer.net/fans-are-already-modding-the-resident-evil-4-remake-demo<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/fans-are-already-mod/1426295:5b4af8">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1426295.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Eurogamer.net News Feed.</b>
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<img src="https://assets.reedpopcdn.com/26-1678667093-525017077.jpeg/BROK/resize/1920x1920%3E/format/jpg/quality/80/26-1678667093-525017077.jpeg" /> <p>
The demo has only been out for a few days, but the talented modding community is already putting its skills to work and switching up Capcom's Resident Evil 4 remake.
</p><p>
Having played the demo in its standard form, I headed over to Nexus mods to see what was what. And I was not disappointed.
</p><p>
First up, we have the "Banana gun and spoon knife" mod uploaded by <a href="https://www.nexusmods.com/residentevil42023/mods/26">Stevebg23</a>. This chap does exactly what it says on the tin - it replaces the Standard Handgun and the Survival Knife with a banana and a spoon.
</p> <p><a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/fans-are-already-modding-the-resident-evil-4-remake-demo">Read more</a></p>Everything Everywhere All At Once, and the Gen X Oscars2023-03-14T08:23:01.390000ZJohn Scalzihttps://whatever.scalzi.com/2023/03/13/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-and-the-gen-x-oscars/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/everything-everywher/398325:8501c5">shared this story</a>
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<iframe class="youtube-player" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0O2B6ywhqQw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en-US&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" style="border: 0;" width="639"></iframe>
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<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized has-custom-border"><img alt="John Scalzi" class="has-border-color has-000000-border-color wp-image-42809" height="338" src="https://i0.wp.com/whatever.scalzi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/JS2022Byline2.jpg?resize=225%2C338&ssl=1" width="225" /></figure></div>
<p><strong>One, I’m delighted that it won,</strong> it was my favorite film of the last year, and more widely, it was the most “this story could only be done as a movie” movie of 2022, so a win at the awards that are meant to celebrate the singular nature of the medium is pretty great. And I’m especially delighted by Michelle Yeoh’s Best Actress win. She has been terrific in so many things for so long. </p>
<p>Two, I’m also delighted that we’re in a place in the multiverse where a film like this – indie, genre, Asian, immigrant and queer – <em>could </em>win. Not too long ago, this film would have nailed the Film Independent Spirit Awards (and, in fact, <em><a href="https://www.filmindependent.org/blog/here-are-the-winners-of-the-2023-film-independent-spirit-awards/">did</a></em>), but would have been kept to a couple categories (mostly technical) at the Oscars at best. Here in 2023, a film like this wins seven Oscars, including three acting categories. Good job, multiverse!</p>
<p>Three, by being its own weird and authentic self, this film stands as a rebuttal to the wave of racist, nativist and homophobic hate that’s sweeping this country, packaged as politics. As Ke Huy Quan suggested as he picked up his own Oscar, after having been away from acting for 20 years, <em>this </em>is the American Dream. It’s a far better American Dream than the one so many right-wing politicians and professional propogandists are trying to shove the country toward, in their own fear and hate and ambition.</p>
<p>Four, hey, Academy, give James Hong an honorary Oscar next year, okay? </p>
<p>Beyond but including <em>EEAAO</em>, this felt like a real Gen X Oscar night: Quan, Michelle Yeoh, Jamie Lee Curtis and of course Brendan Fraser are either part of or icons beloved by that generation. This is not to take away from the Millennial-ness of Daniels (who won screenwriting, directing and producing awards, <em>damn</em>), but the night was infused by the pasts of these actors in particular, who Gen X grew up seeing in <em>The Goonies</em> and <em>Encino Man</em>, and in Indiana Jones and slasher films, and in Hong Kong action films that felt like secret knowledge until, suddenly, they weren’t. There was also the fact that these actors were all ignored, minimized or underestimated for large portions of their career, which, well. Feels pretty Gen X, too. I did not expect this collection of actors to ever hoist their Oscars in triumph, much less on a single night. It’s, again, delightful. I’m glad to have been able to see it.</p>
<p>(Edited to add: Oh! And! Sarah Polley! Screenwriting award! GenXer! Who also did a stint as an actress in formative Gen X films and came back on the other side of the camera! Hooray!)</p>
<p>The only miss for me on Oscar night this year is that my pal Pamela Ribon did not get the statuette for her terrific animated film <em>My Year of Dicks</em>. But you know what? She was in the room, and appreciated and celebrated all the way into that room. As someone who was nominated for a major industry award several times before getting to go up on the stage to hoist it and thank people, I can tell you being in the room is a win in itself. I’m pretty confident she will be back. I will cheer for her again when that happens. </p>
<p>— JS</p>Steampunk survival game Volcanoids has been invaded by drones2023-03-14T08:20:20.428000ZLiam Dawehttps://www.gamingonlinux.com/2023/03/steampunk-survival-game-volcanoids-has-been-invaded-by-drones/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/steampunk-survival-g/1590009:6a89ba">shared this story</a>
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I think it might be seriously time to play a whole lot more Volcanoids, with the new Ground Support update adding in special drones you can build and it looks awesome.Nintendo says it won't "necessarily" adopt $70 for future titles after Zelda2023-03-14T08:19:58.633000ZMatt Waleshttps://www.eurogamer.net/nintendo-says-it-wont-necessarily-adopt-70-for-future-titles-after-zelda<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
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Nintendo's Doug Bowser has addressed the company's decision to slap the upcoming The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom with a $70 price tag in the US, saying it's not "necessarily" a price point it'll apply to all its titles in the future.
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Nintendo confirmed Tears of the Kingdom would retail for $69.99 in the US - $10 above the price it usually adopts for its big blockbuster titles - <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/nintendo-lists-legend-of-zelda-tears-of-the-kingdom-at-70">at the start of February</a>, leading some to wonder if this may become the new standard for the company's games.
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The move would certain align with a growing number of other publishers - including <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/the-last-of-us-ps5-remake-has-leaked-will-cost-70">Sony</a>, <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/xbox-will-join-other-publishers-in-selling-games-for-70-next-year">Microsoft</a>, <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/dead-space-remakes-70-console-price-raises-eyebrows">EA</a>, <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/ubisoft-boss-indicates-its-big-aaa-games-will-adopt-70-price-point-from-skull-bones-onward">Ubisoft</a>, and <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/take-two-ceo-strauss-zelnick-reckons-were-ready-for-usd70-video-games">Take-Two</a> - who've recently looked to position $70 as the new normal for many of their titles on consoles.
</p> <p><a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/nintendo-says-it-wont-necessarily-adopt-70-for-future-titles-after-zelda">Read more</a></p>Low Power Challenge: LCD Solar Creatures Live on Sunlight, Sleep at Night2023-03-14T08:02:51.540000ZRobin Keareyhttps://hackaday.com/2023/03/13/low-power-challenge-lcd-solar-creatures-live-on-sunlight-sleep-at-night/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/low-power-challenge-/1493574:c2d035">shared this story</a>
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<div><img alt="A solar-powered device with a small LCD screen" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="599" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/LCD-Solar-Creature.jpg?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>With all those e-paper based projects doing the rounds these days, including in our Low Power Challenge, you’d almost forget that monochrome LCDs were the original ultra-low-power display. Without them, we wouldn’t have had watches, calculators and handheld games operating off button cell batteries or tiny solar panels back in the ’80s and ’90s. [Gabor] decided to build a set of gadgets with a 1990s LCD aesthetic, called <a href="https://hackaday.io/project/185825-lcd-solar-creatures" target="_blank">LCD Solar Creatures</a>. These cute little beasts live on nothing but solar power and provide some amusing animations on a classic seven-segment LCD screen.</p>
<p>The Creatures’ activity depends entirely on the amount of power that’s available to them. If their supercapacitors dip below 3.3 V, their micros enter a deep sleep state and do nothing except briefly flash an LED every now and then as a sign of life. When light hits the solar panel, the supercaps are charged up and the Creatures come to life and display a few basic stats. Once the caps hit 4.1 V, they really start their day and run a few programs, including a <em>Game of Life</em>-style simulation and an animation of Euclidean rhythms.<span id="more-580857"></span></p>
<figure class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_580872" style="width: 400px;"><a href="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/LCD-Solar-Creatures.jpg"><img alt="Two solar-powered devices with small LCD screens" class="size-medium wp-image-580872" height="341" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/LCD-Solar-Creatures.jpg?w=400" width="400" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-580872">The Creatures come in two shapes: low and sleek, or tall and proud,</figcaption></figure>
<p>Even in active mode, the complete system uses just 11.4 micro-amps – enough to run completely off the 30×70 mm<sup>2</sup> solar panel. The charge circuitry is deliberately kept as simple as possible with just a pair of diodes to prevent the solar panel from overcharging the caps in bright light or discharging them in darkness. The ATtiny85 that runs the show is powered through a 3.3 V LDO and measures the capacitors’ voltage through a 1 MOhm resistive divider.</p>
<p>The Creatures’ bodies are made from pieces of laser-cut acrylic, further adding to the 1990s vibe. Monochrome LCDs might seem old-fashioned, but they’re perfect for low-power projects like this, or, say, <a href="https://hackaday.com/2017/02/15/chronio-diy-watch-slick-and-low-power/">making your own wristwatch</a>. Nowadays you can even <a href="https://hackaday.com/2019/03/03/designing-custom-lcds-to-repair-retrocomputers/">design your own LCDs and have them professionally made</a>.</p>
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</div></div></div></span></p>60163 Tornado, the first new build British mainline steam locomotive since 19602023-03-14T08:01:21.435000Zhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/60163-tornado-the-fi/6124077:0e4abd">shared this story</a>
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<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"60163" redirects here. For the number, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60,000" title="60,000">60,000</a>.</div>
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<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">LNER</a> Class A1 Peppercorn 60163 <i>Tornado</i></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LNER_Class_A1_4-6-2_No60163_%27Tornado%27_(29903372180).jpg"><img alt="LNER Class A1 4-6-2 No60163 'Tornado' (29903372180).jpg" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LNER_Class_A1_4-6-2_No60163_%27Tornado%27_%2829903372180%29.jpg/300px-LNER_Class_A1_4-6-2_No60163_%27Tornado%27_%2829903372180%29.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Tornado</i> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><table class="infobox collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; width: 100%; margin: 0px; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eeb47f; font-size: 100%; padding-left: 3em;">Type and origin</th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Power type</th><td class="infobox-data">Steam</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peppercorn" title="Arthur Peppercorn">Arthur Peppercorn</a> (original designer)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Build date</th><td class="infobox-data">1994–2008</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.a1steam.com/" rel="nofollow">www.a1steam.com</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><table class="infobox collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; width: 100%; margin: 0px; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eeb47f; font-size: 100%; padding-left: 3em;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Configuration:<br /></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"> • <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyte_notation" title="Whyte notation">Whyte</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-2" title="4-6-2">4-6-2</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_wheel" title="Leading wheel">Leading dia.</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 ft 2 in (0.965 m)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">Driver</a> dia.</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 8 in (2.032 m)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_wheel" title="Trailing wheel">Trailing dia.</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 ft 8 in (1.118 m)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">72 ft 11.75 in (22.24 m)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">9 ft 2.875 in (2.82 m)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">13 ft (3.96 m)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_load" title="Axle load">Axle load</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.1 long tons (22.5 t; 24.8 short tons)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_weight" title="Adhesive weight">Adhesive weight</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">66.55 long tons (67.62 t; 74.54 short tons)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Loco weight</th><td class="infobox-data">105.2 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (106.9 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>; 117.8 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Tender weight</th><td class="infobox-data">60.9 long tons (61.9 t; 68.2 short tons)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Total weight</th><td class="infobox-data">166.1 long tons (168.8 t; 186.0 short tons)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Fuel type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Fuel capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">7.5 long tons (7.6 t)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Water cap.</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000 imp gal (27,000 L)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Firebox:<br /> • Firegrate area</th><td class="infobox-data">50.0 sq ft (4.65 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Boiler</th><td class="infobox-data">Diagram 118 <br /> 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) diameter <br /> 29 ft 2 in (8.89 m) length</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Boiler pressure</th><td class="infobox-data">250 psi (1,700 kPa)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Heating surface</th><td class="infobox-data">2,461.4 sq ft (228.67 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"> • Tubes</th><td class="infobox-data">1,211.6 sq ft (112.56 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"> • Flues</th><td class="infobox-data">1,004.5 sq ft (93.32 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"> • Firebox</th><td class="infobox-data">245.3 sq ft (22.79 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Superheater:<br /></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"> • Heating area</th><td class="infobox-data">697.7 sq ft (64.82 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Cylinders</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Cylinder size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 in × 26 in (480 mm × 660 mm)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><table class="infobox collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; width: 100%; margin: 0px; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eeb47f; font-size: 100%; padding-left: 3em;">Performance figures</th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Maximum speed</th><td class="infobox-data">102.3 mph (164.6 km/h) design<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup> <br /> 100 mph (160 km/h) certified</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Power output</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower" title="Metric horsepower">metric horsepower</a> (2,000 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>; 2,700 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">hp</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractive_force" title="Tractive force">Tractive effort</a></th><td class="infobox-data">37,400 lbf (166,000 N)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><table class="infobox collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; width: 100%; margin: 0px; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eeb47f; font-size: 100%; padding-left: 3em;">Career</th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Numbers</th><td class="infobox-data">60163 (display) <br /> 98863 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS" title="TOPS">TOPS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Tornado</i></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Axle load class</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_availability" title="Route availability">Route availability</a> 9</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">First run</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 2008</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-right: 0.75em; width: 36%;">Disposition</th><td class="infobox-data">Under overhaul. Approved for running on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> track.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1" title="LNER Peppercorn Class A1">LNER Peppercorn Class A1</a> No. 60163 <i><b>Tornado</b></i> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-2" title="4-6-2">4-6-2</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> completed in 2008 to an original design by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peppercorn" title="Arthur Peppercorn">Arthur Peppercorn</a>. It is the first new build British mainline steam locomotive since 1960, and the only Peppercorn Class A1 in existence after the original batch were scrapped. In 2017, <i>Tornado</i> became the first steam locomotive to officially reach 100 mph (160 km/h) on British tracks in over 50 years.
</p><p>After the project was founded by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a> in 1990, construction of <i>Tornado</i> began in 1994 and mostly took place at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Works" title="Darlington Works">Darlington Works</a>, with other components manufactured elsewhere. The project was financed through fundraising initiatives, public donations, sponsorship deals, and hiring out <i>Tornado</i> itself for special services. The locomotive was granted its mainline certificate in January 2009, having been designed in compliance with modern safety and certification standards<i>. Tornado</i> has worked on heritage and mainline trains across Britain since 2008. In 2022, it was withdrawn for overhaul.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gateshead_locomotive_sheds.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="169" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gateshead_locomotive_sheds.jpg/220px-Gateshead_locomotive_sheds.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Original Peppercorn A1 60155 <i>Borderer</i> in 1964</div></div></div>
<p>In 1990, the charitable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a> was founded with the intention of building a new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1" title="LNER Peppercorn Class A1">LNER Peppercorn Class A1</a> steam locomotive and the 50th member of its class. The original 49 Peppercorn A1s were built in 1948 and 1949 at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Works" title="Doncaster Works">Doncaster</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Works" title="Darlington Works">Darlington Works</a> at £16,000 each. They were initially ordered for operation on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">London and North Eastern Railway</a> (LNER) to a design by its chief mechanical engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peppercorn" title="Arthur Peppercorn">Arthur Peppercorn</a>, but were delivered after the company had been nationalised and became <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways" title="British Railways">British Railways</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TG01_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-TG01-4">[4]</a></sup> The Peppercorn A1s ran services on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> until the last one was scrapped in September 1966 after a comparatively short service of 15 years. None of them was preserved.
</p><p><i>Tornado</i> was intended to be built as the next Peppercorn A1 and not a restoration nor replica, and was assigned the next available number in the class after No. 60162 <i>Saint Johnstoun</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IMechETornadopresentation_6-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-IMechETornadopresentation-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A1News1996Grants_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-A1News1996Grants-7">[7]</a></sup> It was designed as an evolved member of its class, incorporating various improvements that would have occurred had steam continued in Britain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A1News1993CAD_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-A1News1993CAD-8">[8]</a></sup> It was the first new build steam locomotive on British railways since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR_Standard_Class_9F_92220_Evening_Star" title="BR Standard Class 9F 92220 Evening Star">BR Standard Class 9F 92220 <i>Evening Star</i></a> was completed in 1960.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_Nameplate_York_16.05.09R.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="104" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/60163_Tornado_Nameplate_York_16.05.09R.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_Nameplate_York_16.05.09R.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> left-hand nameplate at York station in May 2009 showing the badge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a> in Yorkshire, where RAF Tornado F3s were based until the previous month</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth_Tornado_Nameplate_09.11_edited-2.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="163" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ruth_Tornado_Nameplate_09.11_edited-2.jpg/220px-Ruth_Tornado_Nameplate_09.11_edited-2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> right-hand nameplate showing the badge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cottesmore" title="RAF Cottesmore">RAF Cottesmore</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_cab_number_and_plate.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/60163_Tornado_cab_number_and_plate.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_cab_number_and_plate.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Running number and plaque, "No. 2195 Darlington 2008"</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth_Tornado_naming_plate_09.11_edited-2.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="151" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ruth_Tornado_naming_plate_09.11_edited-2.jpg/220px-Ruth_Tornado_naming_plate_09.11_edited-2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Plate recording the naming ceremony for 60163 <i>Tornado</i></div></div></div>
<p>The name <i>Tornado</i> was chosen in honour of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> air crews flying at the time in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. The honour of choosing the name was given to a £50,000 sponsor of the project.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup> In January 1995, officers of the Royal Air Force presented the <i>Tornado</i> nameplates to the trust at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyseley_Locomotive_Works" title="Tyseley Locomotive Works">Tyseley Locomotive Works</a> at a frame laying ceremony.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokebox" title="Smokebox">smokebox</a> door carries the identification plate of 51 A, the code for Darlington shed, and the cab side carries a builder's plate No. 2195 Darlington 2008. The front <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_beam" title="Buffer beam">buffer beam</a> carries the designation A1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 19 February 2009, <i>Tornado</i> was officially named by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">the Prince of Wales</a>, accompanied by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla,_Duchess_of_Cornwall" title="Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall">Duchess of Cornwall</a> and Dorothy Mather, Peppercorn's widow, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York railway station</a>. The ceremony is marked by a plaque located below the nameplate. <i>Tornado</i> then pulled the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Train" title="British Royal Train">Royal Train</a> to Leeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Project_milestones">Project milestones</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_1.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/60163_Tornado_1.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_1.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i>, 8 August 2008</div></div></div>
<ul><li><span class="vevent">1990: <span class="summary"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a> formally launched, 11 November</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-15_14-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-15-14">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1994: <span class="summary">First and last components ceremonially presented (a bogie swivel pin and a regulator nut)</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1994: <span class="summary">Construction starts (frame plates rolled at Scunthorpe), 22 April</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1995: <span class="summary">Nameplates presented</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup> at the frame laying ceremony, January<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1995: <span class="summary">First wheel cast</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1996: <span class="summary">Three cylinder castings unveiled at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyseley_Locomotive_Works" title="Tyseley Locomotive Works">Tyseley</a>, 25 May</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1997: <span class="summary">Frame displayed at the Great Hall at the National Railway Museum, March</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1997: <span class="summary"><i>Tornado</i> unveiled at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Locomotive_Works" title="Darlington Locomotive Works">Darlington Locomotive Works</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">1999: <span class="summary">Smokebox door complete, <i>Tornado's</i> symbolic "face"</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2000: <span class="summary">Construction over 50% complete (Summer)</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2000: <span class="summary">Wheelset added</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> (Autumn)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2004: <span class="summary">The book value of <i>Tornado</i> components reaches 1 million pounds</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2004: <span class="summary">First synchronous smooth wheel motion, 25 August</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2007: <span class="summary">Boiler/firebox assembly fitted to frame, June</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-30_17-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-30-17">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary">First static steaming, January</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-14_19-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-14-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary">Tender completed, February</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary"><i>Tornado</i> publicly launched, Darlington Locomotive Works, 1 August 2008</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary">First passenger train hauled, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Central_Railway_(preserved)" title="Great Central Railway (preserved)">preserved Great Central Railway</a>. Loughborough, 21 September</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary">Main line testing begins, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a>, York, 4 November</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews3Nov08-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary">Third and final main line test run completed, York, 19 November</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCNews19Nov08ready_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBCNews19Nov08ready-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2008: <span class="summary">First full livery unveiled (minus nameplates), LNER Apple Green, York, 13 December</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCNews13Dec08Unveil_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBCNews13Dec08Unveil-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2009: <span class="summary"><i>The Peppercorn Pioneer</i>, the first passenger journey on the UK Main Line, 31 January 2009</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip_24-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2009: <span class="summary">Tornado was officially named by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla,_Duchess_of_Cornwall" title="Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall">Duchess of Cornwall</a>, 19 February</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2009: <span class="summary"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_Race_to_the_North" title="Top Gear Race to the North">BBC <i>Top Gear</i> Race</a> filmed, 25 April 2009</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2009: <span class="summary"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a> present Tornado with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Heritage_Award" title="Engineering Heritage Award">Engineering Heritage Award</a> at York, 23 May 2009</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2009: <span class="summary">Reaches 10,000 miles (16,000 km) on Torbay Express, 5 July</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2009: <span class="summary"><i>Tornado</i> is called on to rescue stranded commuters in Kent after heavy snow fall disrupts the electrical supply</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2010: <span class="summary">Beats previous record for fastest steam hauled railtour over Shap summit by 19 seconds, 24 June</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2010: <span class="summary">Returns to York NRM for maintenance and to be repainted to lined "Brunswick Green" December</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2011: <span class="summary">Boiler returned to DB Meiningen for repairs January</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TT16_26-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-TT16-26">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2017: <span class="summary">Worked first scheduled passenger trains on the Settle and Carlisle line between Appleby and Skipton</span></span></li>
<li><span class="vevent">2017: <span class="summary">Became the first steam engine since 1967 to run at 100mph in the UK</span></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_research_and_draughting">Initial research and draughting</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_valve_gear_right_hand_side.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/60163_Tornado_valve_gear_right_hand_side.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_valve_gear_right_hand_side.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Right-hand valve gear</div></div></div>
<p>On hearing of the project in October 1991, Argentine locomotive engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livio_Dante_Porta" title="Livio Dante Porta">Livio Dante Porta</a> contacted the trust, hailing the project as the start of a "renaissance of steam technology".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup> In 1992, he submitted <i>A proposal for the Tornado project</i> in which he presented to the trust several design improvements that could be made to <i>Tornado</i> that, while preserving the outer form, would make it a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">second-generation steam locomotive</a>. Since the trust was not creating a replica of a Peppercorn A1 but the next in its class, Porta's suggestions were duly considered and the trust reported only some of his ideas could be adopted as his others were untried and presented too many risks, which Porta estimated would have taken 20,000 test miles to iron out his improvements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass_5-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Ironically, in 2003, it was decided to make <i>Tornado</i> oil-fired for cost and operational reasons, following earlier dual-fuelled coal-and-oil-fired proposals in 1998, when boiler design commenced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> This was later abandoned in favour of the original design of coal firing, due to the large increase in global fossil fuel prices, and to save the certification costs of this design difference.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_tender_body.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/60163_Tornado_tender_body.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_tender_body.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Tender body, 2007</div></div></div>
<p>There were no general arrangement drawings of a Peppercorn A1, so rough engineering dimensions for <i>Tornado</i> were obtained from measuring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A2_60532_Blue_Peter" title="LNER Peppercorn Class A2 60532 Blue Peter">Peppercorn Class A2 60532 <i>Blue Peter</i></a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a> (NRM).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup> Many of the drawings originally used at Doncaster Works for the Peppercorn A1's had been preserved at the NRM, and a team of volunteers spent three days collating these in 1991.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup> The original drawings were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> drawings on linen which had to be scanned into a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_aided_design" title="Computer aided design">computer aided design</a> (CAD) software program as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilm" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> copies at the NRM were not suitable for manufacturing purposes, and direct dyeline copies could not be made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup> 95% of the original drawings were found, with 1,100 scanned by 1993, and a further 140 in 2001. A few poor quality originals required re-drawing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup> Updated specifications were required to be drawn up to account for out-of-date material specifications and drawing notes whose original meaning could not be determined. Other design details were also obtained through interviews with Peppercorn's former assistant, J.F. Harrison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Changes_from_the_original_Peppercorn_A1s">Changes from the original Peppercorn A1s</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_cab_electrics.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="216" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/60163_Tornado_cab_electrics.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_cab_electrics.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Cab electrics</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_Cartazzi_axle.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/60163_Tornado_Cartazzi_axle.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_Cartazzi_axle.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Cartazzi axle</div></div></div>
<p><i>Tornado</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'s</span> design was modified where necessary to better suit modern manufacturing techniques and to fit in with the modern high-speed railway, while retaining the greater part of the original design.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-15_14-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-15-14">[14]</a></sup> As an evolution of the Peppercorn Class A1, <i>Tornado</i> would also incorporate improvements that would have been made to the class had steam continued, such as correction of the rough riding faults.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A1News1993CAD_8-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-A1News1993CAD-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The following design changes were made for cost or operational reasons:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>An all-welded boiler (i.e. not riveted)</li>
<li>Steel firebox (not copper)</li>
<li>One-piece frames</li>
<li>Roller bearings</li>
<li>Improved front bogie</li>
<li>Improved steam circuit</li>
<li>Altered tender coal/water balance (more water)</li>
<li>Overall weight reduction</li></ul>
<p>Additionally, to meet current safety and operation standards, <i>Tornado</i> includes:
</p>
<ul><li>Up-rated electrical supplies</li>
<li>Primary air (not steam) brakes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li>LED cluster head/tail lamps</li>
<li>Vacuum brakes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup> (for heritage railway stock)</li>
<li>1 inch (25 mm) reduction in overall height<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup> (for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_lines" title="Overhead lines">overhead line equipment</a> (OLE) regulations)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Warning_System" title="Automatic Warning System">Automatic Warning System</a> (AWS)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Protection_%26_Warning_System" title="Train Protection & Warning System">Train Protection & Warning System</a> (TPWS)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_recorder" title="Event recorder">Data recorder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rail_Traffic_Management_System" title="European Rail Traffic Management System">European Rail Traffic Management System</a> (ERTMS) compatible <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM-Railway" title="GSM-Railway">GSM-Railway</a> (GSM-R) cab radio<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>With advances in manufacturing, <i>Tornado's</i> 48-foot-6-inch (14.78 m) long steel plates were electronically cut from one piece of steel, as opposed to the original Peppercorn A1s, which had two-piece frames riveted together.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup> These are probably the most accurate steam locomotive frames ever produced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> Despite their higher costs, roller bearings were used owing to the reliability they had demonstrated after a trial on some of the original engines. This caused an unforeseen problem in 2003 since the modifications made to the tender in the original fitting of roller bearings as an experiment to some Peppercorn A1s had not been properly drawn for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartazzi_axle" title="Cartazzi axle">Cartazzi axle</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_wheels" title="Trailing wheels">trailing wheels</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 1-inch (25 mm) reduction in height from the original 13-foot-1-inch (3.99 m) height was required by the Network Rail regulations, and was achieved by a redesign of the dome and safety valve mountings on the boiler, and by reprofiling of the cab roof and chimney.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup> Testing was planned to occur with a lipped chimney, and on receipt of the first full livery, <i>Tornado</i> would be fitted with an authentic rimless chimney,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup> described as the original non-capped version.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> The fluted chimney was still not fitted at the time of its LNER Apple Green livery launch on 13 December 2008, due to it still being machined at the manufacturer. It was completed and fitted in time for the inaugural main line passenger run.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p6_7-32">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo-12">[12]</a></sup> The chimney was also fitted with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_arrestor" title="Spark arrestor">spark arrestor</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> has two whistles: a standard LNER "teapot" whistle on the cab front and an ex-LNER chime whistle from LNER Class A4 4482 <i>Golden Eagle</i> behind the right-hand deflector.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Boiler_from_Meiningen_Works">Boiler from Meiningen Works</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dampflokwerk03.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="151" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dampflokwerk03.jpg/220px-Dampflokwerk03.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiningen_Steam_Locomotive_Works" title="Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works">Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works</a>, 2005</div></div></div>
<p>Consideration of the boiler began in late 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> No standard gauge boiler had been built in Britain for such a large express locomotive since the 1960s, and it was required to be based on the original LNER design but meet modern safety standards. Design changes included the cheaper modern-day fabrication method of a welded, rather than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">riveted</a>, firebox and boiler tubing; the use of steel, rather than copper, for the firebox;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup> and the aforementioned height reduction for Network Rail regulations. While manufacturing facilities still existed in Britain to manufacture such a large boiler,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup> because of the design differences from the originals the trust required a supplier with specific experience of designing, building, and certification of modern steam engine boilers as required by the EU's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_Equipment_Directive" title="Pressure Equipment Directive">Pressure Equipment Directive</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nebusiness24Sep2007_34-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-nebusiness24Sep2007-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2002, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiningen_Steam_Locomotive_Works" title="Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works">Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works</a> in Germany was identified as a suitable supplier. It possessed the required knowledge as main line steam operation had continued in East Germany until the mid-1980s, 70% of its work still involved steam, and it still possessed the powerful plate roller machines. The trust did not have sufficient funding to place the order until January 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup> On 16 July 2006, the boiler arrived by sea and was unloaded at Darlington with a 200-ton crane, having taken just nine months to build.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> The fitting of the 21-ton firebox and boiler unit to the wheeled locomotive frame was said to have been a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_fit" title="Engineering fit">perfect fit</a>, requiring no <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">grinding</a> at all, a tribute to the accuracy of the design and construction at Meiningen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup> The fitting was not without incident though, as the extra weight caused some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">compaction</a> of the trackbed, and assistance was required to move the locomotive back into the works, by a combination of being winched, towed by a forklift truck and pushed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rovers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>A further modification to the boiler design has been the use of hollow stays which support and separate the outer boiler and inner firebox. The hollow stays act as an indicator of any cracks in the otherwise inaccessible stays, such cracks being revealed by water leaks. Leaks have in fact been detected and have led to the locomotive being unavailable for service. Replacement stays were fitted in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tender_and_wheelset">Tender and wheelset</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_at_the_GCR_2.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/60163_Tornado_at_the_GCR_2.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_at_the_GCR_2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> shunts at the GCR, showing the tender design, 4 October 2008</div></div></div>
<p>In 1991, a preference for a "Doncaster pattern" riveted tender was expressed as per the original Peppercorn A1s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup> The redundant tender of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A3_4472_Flying_Scotsman" title="LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman">LNER Class A3 4472 <i>Flying Scotsman</i></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust#Flying_Scotsman_tender" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">was acquired</a>, although later returned unused, allowing <i>Tornado</i> to remain a completely originally-manufactured locomotive. By 2002, it was agreed that a flush sided (all welded) boiler and tender was appropriate for a Darlington-built Peppercorn A1, making construction and maintenance easier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup> The tender was redesigned internally, removing the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_pan" title="Track pan">water scoop</a>, increasing the water capacity from 5,000 to 6,000 gallons, and reducing coal capacity from 9 to 7.5 tons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> In 2003 the need for a second tender for <i>Tornado</i> was discounted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The motion components alone cost £150,000, taking £50,000 to forge (and requiring three years to complete) and £100,000 to machine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheelset</a> was the first mainline steam locomotive wheelset to be manufactured in Britain since 1960, and took five years and nine suppliers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup> The wheels were so smooth that the complete locomotive could easily be pushed out of the works by human power alone, as seen when the locomotive was moved outside in preparation for its first steam-powered moves. If the locomotive were to be suspended, the entire wheel and motion arrangement could be turned by hand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacture">Manufacture</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_outside_Hopetown_Carriage_works.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/60163_Tornado_outside_Hopetown_Carriage_works.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_outside_Hopetown_Carriage_works.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Locomotive_Works" title="Darlington Locomotive Works">Darlington Locomotive Works</a> siding</div></div></div>
<p><i>Tornado</i> was mostly assembled at the A1 Trust's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Locomotive_Works" title="Darlington Locomotive Works">Darlington Locomotive Works</a>, bringing together components manufactured around the country and some from overseas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> Actual manufacture and construction started in 1994 before the works opened, with casting of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">cylinders</a> and wheels, the cutting of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_frame" title="Locomotive frame">frames</a>, and construction of the cab.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> The locomotive frames were assembled at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyseley_Locomotive_Works" title="Tyseley Locomotive Works">Tyseley Locomotive Works</a> in Birmingham, which was marked by a laying ceremony on 5 January 1995 and completed by October 1996.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002-00186wm.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2002-00186wm.jpg/220px-2002-00186wm.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> in 2002, awaiting a boiler</div></div></div>
<p>In March 1997 <i>Tornado</i>, as a completed frame and inside cylinder, was displayed in the Great Hall at the National Railway Museum for several weeks. She returned to Tyseley to await completion of Darlington Works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> The elements of <i>Tornado</i> were brought together with the opening of the works in 1997, and the opening ceremony saw the unveiled locomotive, now consisting of the frame with its three cylinders and cab attached. Early 1998 saw the smokebox construction started and the tyres fitted and by 1999, forging of the motion components had started with the first delivery of components commencing in January 2000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-28_36-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-28-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>By September 1999, the last wheel had been pressed onto the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheelset</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> which was delivered to Darlington by July 2000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup> By January 2000, the front <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a> had been assembled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-28_36-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-28-36">[36]</a></sup> With the fitting of these parts, the mounting of the frame onto the wheelset,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup> and fitting of the smokebox,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup> by the end of 2000, the most visible missing parts of <i>Tornado</i> were the boiler and tender.
</p><p>Post-2000, assembly and setting of the motion proceeded, and attention turned to the design of the boiler; a £250,000 appeal was launched.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> became a rolling chassis by October 2002,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-31_28-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-31-28">[28]</a></sup> and achieved the first synchronous movement of the motion and all wheels in August 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup> 2005 saw construction of the boiler in Germany, with construction begun on 16 October,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-33_37-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-33-37">[37]</a></sup> and completed in time for delivery on 16 July 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> By June 2007 <i>Tornado's</i> internal construction was sufficiently complete to allow fitting of the boiler to the frame, using a 100-ton crane.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> The most complex casting, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a> header, was started in 2007, and after defeating two foundries the complex shape was cast by a third supplier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> Owing to space constraints at Darlington works, the <i>Tornado</i> tender frames and body were built off-site, with the body being significantly built locally in Darlington.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-33_37-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-33-37">[37]</a></sup> The tender wheelsets were assembled by an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs_Railway" title="East Lancs Railway">East Lancs Railway</a>-based company. The tender frame and wheelset were united by December 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> and the tank attached to it by February 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>From its construction until final testing was completed, <i>Tornado</i> sported a grey coloured undercoat as a precaution in case the boiler cladding had to be removed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup> The livery was described as "works grey" in a "satin finish".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p73_39-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p73-39">[39]</a></sup> While in this undercoat, <i>Tornado</i> wore the web address of the A1 Trust on the side of the tender and the mark RA9 on the locomotive cab, denoting its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_availability" title="Route availability">route availability</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commissioning">Commissioning</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Boiler_tests">Boiler tests</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boiler_safety_valve_of_60163_Tornado.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="237" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Boiler_safety_valve_of_60163_Tornado.jpg/220px-Boiler_safety_valve_of_60163_Tornado.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">One of <i>Tornado'</i>s boiler <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valves</a></div></div></div>
<p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a> was used to assist in the setting up of the valves and motion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup> The boiler safety valves were tested on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4" title="LNER Class A4">LNER Class A4</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4488_Union_of_South_Africa" title="LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa">60009 <i>Union of South Africa</i></a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Valley_Railway" title="Severn Valley Railway">Severn Valley Railway</a> before their delivery to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a> for fitting to <i>Tornado</i>. The boiler was hydraulically tested at the manufacturer's factory at one-and-a-half times working pressure and was passed safe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> On 11 January 2008, the boiler passed its first steam test in a series of tests carried out by an external boiler inspector.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup> For the test, the fire was lit and the boiler was allowed to warm up for over 48 hours before being then taken up to 260 psi (1,800 kPa), just over the maximum working pressure, with the safety valves set to the correct pressure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> The boiler was noted by the inspector to be a very rapid one, boding well for use on the mainline, and noted <i>Tornado</i> exhibited no leaks of any kind, in contrast to heritage locomotive restorations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>The tender body was not yet finished by this time so the test was conducted using a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowser_(tanker)" title="Bowser (tanker)">water bowser</a>. The boiler created steam so efficiently that the water supply was being used faster than it could be replenished by the mains water supply to the works. To complete the test and not prematurely damp down the fire, an emergency call for water was made to the local fire brigade, who responded with a fire tender to supply more water. This was sensationally but inaccurately reported in one local newspaper as "fire brigade called to prevent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosion" title="Boiler explosion">boiler explosion</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Launch_and_Great_Central_Railway_trials">Launch and Great Central Railway trials</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><video class="thumbimage" controls="controls" height="165" id="mwe_player_0" poster="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/220px--60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.jpg" preload="none" width="220"><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" /><source src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv/60163_Tornado_in_steam_at_Darlington.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" /></video> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> steaming and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_whistle" title="Steam whistle">whistling</a> along the Darlington test siding, 8 August 2008</div></div></div>
<p>Low speed trials of <i>Tornado</i> as a live steam locomotive first occurred on the 500-foot (150 m) long track at Darlington Works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup> After a series of private tests,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TimeshiftLDOS_40-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-TimeshiftLDOS-40">[40]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> made her first in-steam moves on 29 July 2008,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p44_46_41-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p44_46-41">[41]</a></sup> followed by its official launch on 1 August, moving up and down the test siding in front of the press.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TimeshiftLDOS_40-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-TimeshiftLDOS-40">[40]</a></sup> The 1 August launch coincided with the 40th anniversary of the end of steam on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways" title="British Railways">British Railways</a> on 4 August 1968, and the 60th anniversary of the entry into traffic of the first Peppercorn A1 class locomotive, No. 60114 <i>W.P. Allen</i>. On 7 August, <i>Tornado</i> was entered onto <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS" title="TOPS">Total Operations Processing System</a> (TOPS), a computer system used in the UK for managing locomotives and rolling stock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSCertification24Oct08_42-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSCertification24Oct08-42">[42]</a></sup> Although the painted number is 60163, <i>Tornado</i> is designated 98863 on the British main line in TOPS, where "98" describes a steam engine, the "8" stems from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_classification" title="Power classification">power classification</a> of 8P,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1">[1]</a></sup> and "63" comes from its 60163 number.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p60-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>From Darlington Works, <i>Tornado</i> was moved by road on two articulated lorries to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Central_Railway_(preserved)" title="Great Central Railway (preserved)">Great Central Railway</a> on 19 August, where she performed mileage accumulation and testing before hauling her first passenger trains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews25Aug08_44-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews25Aug08-44">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p60-43">[43]</a></sup> Testing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_event_recorder" title="Train event recorder">On-Train Monitoring Recorder</a> (OTMR), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_Protection_%26_Warning_System" title="Train Protection & Warning System">Train Protection & Warning System</a> (TPWS), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Warning_System" title="Automatic Warning System">Automatic Warning System</a> (AWS), and air brakes was also done at the GCR, and are standard for all steam locomotives requiring certification for main line running, with speed and regulator positions tracked by the onboard recording equipment stored under the driver's seat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p60-43">[43]</a></sup> After three days, <i>Tornado</i> had completed her first non-stop mile run and had hauled empty coaches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p44_46_41-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p44_46-41">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews25Aug08_44-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews25Aug08-44">[44]</a></sup> Following <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Railway_Inspectorate" title="HM Railway Inspectorate">HM Railway Inspectorate</a> (HMRI), she went on to haul empty trains at speeds up to 60 mph (97 km/h) and with a load of up to around 500 tons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup> One load test involved a rake of 11 coaches and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_45" title="British Rail Class 45">Class 45 diesel locomotive</a>, and another saw her achieve 2,000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Drawbar_power" title="Horsepower">drawbar horsepower</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup> On 10 September <i>Tornado</i> was officially timed for the first time, hauling 518 tons up the 1-in-176 gradient south from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothley_railway_station" title="Rothley railway station">Rothley station</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p73_39-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p73-39">[39]</a></sup> For the GCR's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_out_with_Thomas" title="Day out with Thomas">Day out with Thomas</a> event during the Summer Bank Holiday weekend, <i>Tornado</i> wore a small Thomas face for light runs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews25Aug08_44-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews25Aug08-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_at_the_GCR.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/60163_Tornado_at_the_GCR.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_at_the_GCR.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> at the GCR, 22 August 2008</div></div></div>
<p><i>Tornado</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'s</span> first passenger trains took place on 21 September 2008; the first was the 10.15 a.m. non-stop service from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorn_and_Woodhouse_railway_station" title="Quorn and Woodhouse railway station">Quorn and Woodhouse</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_North_railway_station" title="Leicester North railway station">Leicester North</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup> On this day, 1,000–2,000 covenantors, donors and guests travelled on the services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup> The first service for fare-paying passengers began on 22 September, where over 1,000 people were carried on the three sold-out trips.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> On 4 October, <i>Tornado</i> took part in the 125th anniversary of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_Brigade" title="Boys' Brigade">Boys' Brigade</a>, wearing a special headboard and hauled the GCR's preserved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_Post_Office" title="Travelling Post Office">Travelling Post Office</a> train.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSPR24Oct08_45-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSPR24Oct08-45">[45]</a></sup> Her final passenger run on the GCR was on 12 October, and had run 1,500 miles (2,400 km) by the end of the month.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMDec08p7_46-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMDec08p7-46">[46]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> The president of the GCR said <i>Tornado</i> achieved a "smooth debut",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DSTimes22Oct08-47">[47]</a></sup> and the engine was described as having performed "effortlessly" and "faultlessly".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mainline_test_runs">Mainline test runs</span></h3>
<p>On 21 October 2008, <i>Tornado</i> arrived at the National Railway Museum in York, and was first put on display in the Great Hall for several days, where she was placed on its central <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntable_(rail)" title="Turntable (rail)">turntable</a> for the annual railway industry dinner on 23 October.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DSTimes22Oct08-47">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMDec08p7_46-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMDec08p7-46">[46]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> then remained operationally based at the NRM behind the scenes for final preparations and testing on the main line, reaching speeds of up to 75 mph (121 km/h), before an expected main line debut in February 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DSTimes22Oct08-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>The acceptance testing based at York was conducted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Cargo_UK" title="DB Cargo UK">DB Schenker</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMDec08p7_46-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMDec08p7-46">[46]</a></sup> Three test runs were planned for 4, 6 and 18 November 2008, involving out and back journeys from York in the evenings. The first was to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_railway_station" title="Scarborough railway station">Scarborough</a>, a round trip of 84 miles (135 km), with a support coach only.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Scotsman6Nov08-48">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews3Nov08-21">[21]</a></sup> The second was a 142-mile (229 km) round trip to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Hill_Engine_Shed" title="Barrow Hill Engine Shed">Barrow Hill</a>, with <i>Tornado</i> hauling a 500-ton load of 12 coaches and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_67" title="British Rail Class 67">Class 67 diesel</a> at up to 60 mph (97 km/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews6Nov08_49-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews6Nov08-49">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Scotsman6Nov08-48">[48]</a></sup> The third run was a 176-mile (283 km) trip to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a> with a rake of empty coaches that reached 75 mph (121 km/h)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Scotsman6Nov08-48">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews3Nov08-21">[21]</a></sup> On this run, the web address on the side of the tender was replaced with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Express" title="National Express">National Express</a> logo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NEx_50-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-NEx-50">[50]</a></sup> All runs were carried out successfully.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Scotsman6Nov08-48">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCNews19Nov08ready_22-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBCNews19Nov08ready-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tornado_apple_green_livery_-_2008-12-13.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tornado_apple_green_livery_-_2008-12-13.jpg/220px-Tornado_apple_green_livery_-_2008-12-13.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a> in its first full livery (LNER Apple Green)</div></div></div>
<p>Following the test runs, <i>Tornado</i> received her first full livery at the NRM's paint shop where she was painted in LNER Apple Green with "British Railways" on the tender, as worn by the first original 30 Peppercorn A1s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-YorkPost11Dec08_51-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-YorkPost11Dec08-51">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DSTimes22Oct08-47">[47]</a></sup> The livery was applied traditionally, brush painted by hand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo-12">[12]</a></sup> She was unveiled on the turntable at the NRM's Great Hall on 13 December 2008 at a launch ceremony attended by 500 supporters of the A1 Trust.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-YorkPost11Dec08_51-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-YorkPost11Dec08-51">[51]</a></sup> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamometer_car" title="Dynamometer car">dynamometer car</a> from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" title="North Eastern Railway (UK)">North Eastern Railway</a> was attached.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p6_7-32">[32]</a></sup> Due to time constraints, detailing was completed on one side only at the time of the launch, after which <i>Tornado</i> returned to the paint shop before going back on display for the Christmas period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p6_7-32">[32]</a></sup> On 11 January 2009, <i>Tornado</i> left the NRM for preparations for her mainline passenger debut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p6_7-32">[32]</a></sup> A final test run was completed with a single support coach from York to Leeds and back, on 28 January.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DailyExpress29Jan09_53-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DailyExpress29Jan09-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Certification">Certification</span></h3>
<p>As a new build locomotive, <i>Tornado</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'s</span> certification was more complex in comparison to a restored one and required liaison with Network Rail, HMRI, and a vehicle acceptance body, with the origin of all construction materials needing to be documented and every aspect of the manufacture recorded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-30_17-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-30-17">[17]</a></sup> Following manufacture, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_file" title="Technical file">technical file</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notified_Body" title="Notified Body">Notified Body</a> certificate was obtained on completion of a manufacturing and maintenance procedures review which was managed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeltaRail_Group" title="DeltaRail Group">DeltaRail Group Ltd</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> was also required to pass the 2006 European Interoperability of the conventional rail system <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directive</a>, achieved through compliance with the National Notified Technical Rules (formerly the Railway Group Standards), though it was exempt from portions of the regulations, as are many mainline steam locomotives, such as from the need for a yellow warning panel or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">crumple zones</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup> In liaison with Network Rail, a route acceptance strategy was agreed upon and approval for <i>Tornado</i> to enter service was granted by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Rail_Regulation" title="Office of Rail Regulation">Office of Rail Regulation</a> (ORR). This was completed in two stages, approval under the Railway and Other Transport Systems regulations, for use on the GCR and other preserved lines, and then as an "interoperable" locomotive for use on the mainline network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_at_Newcastle_31_Jan_09_pic_13.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="281" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/60163_Tornado_at_Newcastle_31_Jan_09_pic_13.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_at_Newcastle_31_Jan_09_pic_13.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">upright<i>Tornado</i> LED cluster lamps in reversing aspect. Note the "A1" buffer beam mark.</div></div></div>
<p>As well as standard tests, as technically a new design of locomotive, <i>Tornado</i> was required to undergo specific extra tests set by the by the Network Rail Safety Review Panel to examine ride quality and track force, in order to assess the effect the locomotive would have on the main line track.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p60-43">[43]</a></sup> Such tests were done in part at the GCR, whereby <i>Tornado</i> ran through a curved section of track at Kinchley at speeds of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mph (97 km/h), with a trailing saloon car fitted with monitoring equipment, including a GPS unit to measure the precise speed and distance travelled at every metre. Measurements were taken on board by 21 sensors measuring pitch and roll, and acceleration and deceleration. Measurements were also taken through the use of track-side sensors measuring side forces exerted on the rails, augmented with freeze-frame footage of the position of the wheels as they passed. The results were compared with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">control readings</a> taken at the same site using <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR_standard_class_7_70013_Oliver_Cromwell" title="BR standard class 7 70013 Oliver Cromwell">BR Standard Class 7 70013 <i>Oliver Cromwell</i></a> two weeks later. The preliminary results were described as producing "no untoward signals".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p60-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Tornado</i> was granted an Engineering Acceptance (EA) certificate on 31 October by DeltaRail and a Route Acceptance certificate on 3 November by Network Rail, allowing testing on the main line to begin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSNews3Nov08-21">[21]</a></sup> Further tests were performed at Network Rail facilities located between York and Darlington, at a testing facility known as a WheelChex. This consists of track fitted with sensors to measure vertical force effects such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_blow" title="Hammer blow">hammer blow</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p60-43">[43]</a></sup> Completion of a test run between York and Leeds on 28 January 2009 signalled the gaining of certification to haul passengers on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> main line.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DailyExpress29Jan09_53-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DailyExpress29Jan09-53">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SkyNews31Jan09_54-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SkyNews31Jan09-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2009, the railway press reported that a discrepancy had emerged in the 18 November 2008 75 mph (121 km/h) test, whereby the OTMR recording equipment on the Class 67 being towed had recorded a top speed of around 100 mph (160 km/h), while the A1 data recorder measured speeds "nearer the 75 mph (121 km/h)" mark.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMFeb09p57_55-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMFeb09p57-55">[55]</a></sup> It was stated that while a 10% <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overspeed_(engine)" title="Overspeed (engine)">overspeed</a> is allowed (and may be required) in such new equipment test runs (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4464_Bittern" title="LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern">A4 Class 4464 <i>Bittern</i></a> reached 83 mph (134 km/h) in 2007), <i>Tornado</i> had not been planned or authorised to do so on this test. It was suggested that the discrepancy might have been down to the equipment on the Class 67<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMFeb09p6_7_56-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMFeb09p6_7-56">[56]</a></sup> having had its gearing altered but not having been recalibrated.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation">Operation</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_mainline_runs">First mainline runs</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_at_Newcastle_31_Jan_09_pic_1.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="132" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/60163_Tornado_at_Newcastle_31_Jan_09_pic_1.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_at_Newcastle_31_Jan_09_pic_1.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> arrives in Newcastle on her first main line passenger trip, <i>The Peppercorn Pioneer.</i></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_7_Feb_2009_Tallington.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="142" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/60163_Tornado_7_Feb_2009_Tallington.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_7_Feb_2009_Tallington.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> en route to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a></div></div></div>
<p>It was expected that the first phase of main line operational running would be limited to trips of 200 to 250 miles (400 km).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup> The expanded water capacity of the tender allows legs of over 100 miles (160 km) between water stops,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DailyExpress29Jan09_53-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DailyExpress29Jan09-53">[53]</a></sup> 25 miles (40 km) further than the original Peppercorn A1s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup> To assist in passenger operation, in 2008 the Trust purchased a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_1" title="British Railways Mark 1">Mark 1</a> <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composite_corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Composite corridor (page does not exist)">composite corridor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust#Support_coach" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">support coach</a> which entered traffic in 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> has a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_availability" title="Route availability">route availability</a> of 9.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1">[1]</a></sup> From 2009, <i>Tornado</i> began to recoup the estimated £800,000 debt from the project.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC180609_57-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC180609-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 31 January 2009, <i>Tornado</i> completed her first passenger trip on the British mainline, hauling <i>The Peppercorn Pioneer</i> in a return trip from York to Newcastle via Darlington and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_railway_station" title="Durham railway station">Durham</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip_24-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip-24">[24]</a></sup> The route was a replica of the last tour hauled by the last surviving original Peppercorn A1, 60145 <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mungo" title="St Mungo">St Mungo</a></i>, 42 years earlier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08_58-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08-58">[58]</a></sup> The same journey was planned for 1 February, but on advice from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> and Network Rail, the second trip ran from Doncaster to Durham with <i>Tornado</i> hauling only part of the return leg.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08_58-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08-58">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UKSIYork31Jan_59-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-UKSIYork31Jan-59">[59]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A1STNews23Jan09Change_60-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-A1STNews23Jan09Change-60">[60]</a></sup> Both trips carried 500 passengers, and were organised for covenanters only. This was followed by her first mainline train available to the wider public on 7 February, hauling the A1 Trust's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust#Talisman_railtours" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust"><i>The Talisman</i></a> from Darlington to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08_58-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08-58">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UKSILonKK7Feb_61-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-UKSILonKK7Feb-61">[61]</a></sup> Her first departures out of London were to be two circular tours named the <i>Cathedrals Express</i> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a> on 14 February,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UKSILonVic14Feb_62-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-UKSILonVic14Feb-62">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FirstLondonDeparture14Feb08_63-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-FirstLondonDeparture14Feb08-63">[63]</a></sup> but the first tour was subsequently changed and left from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UKSI29Jan09FirstWaterloo_64-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-UKSI29Jan09FirstWaterloo-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2009, <i>Tornado</i> appeared at the LNER-themed event at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Hill_Engine_Shed" title="Barrow Hill Engine Shed">Barrow Hill Roundhouse</a> where she featured alongside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A2_60532_Blue_Peter" title="LNER Peppercorn Class A2 60532 Blue Peter">Peppercorn A2 Class 60532 <i>Blue Peter</i></a> and Class A4s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4498_Sir_Nigel_Gresley" title="LNER Class A4 4498 Sir Nigel Gresley">4498 <i>Sir Nigel Gresley</i></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4488_Union_of_South_Africa" title="LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa">4488 <i>Union of South Africa</i></a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM120p6_7_65-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM120p6_7-65">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p35_66-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p35-66">[66]</a></sup> <i>Blue Peter</i> was repainted in LNER Apple Green livery for display alongside <i>Tornado</i>, and their meeting re-created a scene not witnessed for nearly 50 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p44_46_41-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p44_46-41">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM120p6_7_65-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM120p6_7-65">[65]</a></sup> <i>Tornado</i> also posed alongside narrow gauge locomotive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S3700391.JPG" title="File:S3700391.JPG">No.7 <i>Typhoon</i></a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney,_Hythe_and_Dymchurch_Railway" title="Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway">Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway</a>, recreating an LNER publicity shot held previously with <i>Typhoon</i> and LNER <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A3_4472_Flying_Scotsman" title="LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman">Class A3 4472 <i>Flying Scotsman</i></a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p35_66-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p35-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 21 December, <i>Tornado</i> rescued about 100 people who were stranded by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2009_European_snowfall" title="December 2009 European snowfall">bad weather</a> at London Victoria. A number of electric trains, which pick up their power from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>, were unable to run because of snow and ice on the line. <i>Tornado</i> was to haul a <i>Cathedrals Express</i> lunchtime special, but some booked passengers were unable to get there due to the conditions, leaving spare seats. The train's operators decided to offer them to commuters whose trains had been cancelled. <i>Tornado</i> also had an evening <i>Cathedrals Express</i> dining train, and the same offer was again made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC8428097_67-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC8428097-67">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Four_liveries">Four liveries</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado.JPG"><img class="thumbimage" height="132" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado.JPG/220px-LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> in its BR blue livery, 2014</div></div></div>
<p>The A1 Trust promised to paint <i>Tornado</i> in all four liveries that the original Peppercorn A1s had worn during its first period of operation with its first 10-year boiler certificate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RAIL22_70-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RAIL22-70">[70]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> In early 2011, following remedial attention to its boiler in Germany, <i>Tornado</i> unveiled in BR Brunswick Green, which the original class wore in the 1950s. The "British Railways" on the tender was replaced with an emblem and crest. This lasted until its withdrawal for winter maintenance in late 2012, during which it was repainted in BR Express Passenger Blue, the second livery carried by the original class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RAIL22_70-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RAIL22-70">[70]</a></sup> In 2015, following an intermediate overhaul, <i>Tornado</i> returned to service in its original LNER Apple Green.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RAIL22_70-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RAIL22-70">[70]</a></sup> This lasted until mid-2020 when it was painted in BR Brunswick Green in celebration of the A1 Trust's 30th anniversary, which lasted until its withdrawal for overhaul in 2022, where it was painted back into Apple Green.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RASEP2020_71-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RASEP2020-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="100_mph_run">100 mph run</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_Peterborough_7_Feb_2009.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="122" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/60163_Tornado_Peterborough_7_Feb_2009.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_Peterborough_7_Feb_2009.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> at speed near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a></div></div></div>
<p>The original Peppercorn A1s were easily capable of reaching 100 mph (160 km/h) and in 2004, approval was sought for <i>Tornado</i> to achieve regular 90 mph (140 km/h) operation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-32_16-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-32-16">[16]</a></sup> While older preserved steam locomotives are subject to speed restrictions due to age, approval for 90 mph (140 km/h) running was possible for <i>Tornado</i> due to her new condition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2">[2]</a></sup> In January 2009, having gained approval for running at 75 mph (121 km/h), discussions took place about testing <i>Tornado</i> to higher speeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMFeb09p6_7_56-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMFeb09p6_7-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early hours of 12 April 2017, <i>Tornado</i> achieved 100 mph (160 km/h) during a test run the East Coast Main Line, becoming the first steam locomotive to reach the speed on the British mainline since 1968.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Metro6569698_72-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Metro6569698-72">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TelegraphTornado_73-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-TelegraphTornado-73">[73]</a></sup> Following this test, <i>Tornado</i> achieved certification to be allowed to run at 90 mph (140 km/h) on the main line,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> making her the fastest operational steam locomotive in Britain and the second fastest in the world at the time, behind <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_18_201" title="DR 18 201">18.201</a> which was allowed to run in Germany up to 180 km/h (110 mph).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Since_2009">Since 2009</span></h3>
<p><i>Tornado</i> has hauled trains on the British mainline and heritage railways since 2009, helping to recoup the cost of the project.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSHiringTornado4Nov08_74-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSHiringTornado4Nov08-74">[74]</a></sup> The A1 Trust has offered driver experiences at the controls of <i>Tornado</i> during visits to heritage lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSHiringTornado4Nov08_74-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-OSHiringTornado4Nov08-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2011, <i>Tornado</i> set a new record for the longest single day trip in Britain by a steam locomotive since the 1960s, pulling <i>The Caledonian Tornado</i> from Crewe to Glasgow and back for over 530 miles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> In 2013, she hauled the first steam-hauled service from London Victoria to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Park_railway_station" title="Sheffield Park railway station">Sheffield Park</a> via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebell_Railway" title="Bluebell Railway">Bluebell Railway</a> since 1963.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> In 2017, <i>Tornado</i> was used by Northern Rail on scheduled public timetabled services between Appleby and Skipton prior to the reopening of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle%E2%80%93Carlisle_line" title="Settle–Carlisle line">Settle–Carlisle line</a>, which had been closed for a year because of a landslip.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> On 14 April 2018, while running at 90 mph south of Peterborough on <i>The Ebor Flyer</i> from London King's Cross to York, the locomotive's inside motion failed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> The subsequent repairs and re-testing took several months to complete.
</p><p>In November 2021, <i>Tornado</i> was withdrawn from mainline service after a number of tender wheel flats caused by slippage from falling leaves were detected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Following an appearance at the Great Central Railway in January 2022, the locomotive moved to Loughborough for dismantling and major overhaul. It was to be complete in July, but delays caused by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> while the boiler was being restored at Meiningen Works in Germany, and additional work needed on the driving wheels and tyres, led to its completion date pushed back to the spring of 2023.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> The overhaul will include the installation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rail_Traffic_Management_System" title="European Rail Traffic Management System">European Rail Traffic Management System</a> (ETCS) equipment which will make <i>Tornado</i> the first steam locomotive fitted with an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_signalling" title="Cab signalling">in-cab signalling</a> system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding">Funding</span></h2>
<p><i>Tornado</i> carries a plaque bearing the following message:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This locomotive was built and paid for by people who shared a vision and were determined to turn it into reality</p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fundraising">Fundraising</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_being_prepared.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/60163_Tornado_being_prepared.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_being_prepared.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">A project volunteer prepares <i>Tornado</i> for operation.</div></div></div>
<p><i>Tornado</i> was built by the Locomotive Construction Co Ltd,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-17_11-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-17-11">[11]</a></sup> a wholly-owned subsidiary of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. At 1990s prices, the projected cost of the project was £1.6 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The trust has used Deeds of Covenant since the start of the project in 1990,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-15_14-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-15-14">[14]</a></sup> marketed under the slogan "Build a main line loco for the price of a pint of beer a week!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup> Covenantors can wear a special A1 Trust tie<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-16_9-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-16-9">[9]</a></sup> and pay a fixed amount monthly by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_order_(banking)" title="Standing order (banking)">standing order</a>, and for this they receive honour roll recognition, event and viewing priority, regular trust publications and the right to attend the annual conventions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 1996, the concept of dedicated covenants was launched.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> Now renamed dedicated donations, these were one-off payments of £25 to £25,000 to sponsor a particular part.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> As with regular covenantors, dedicated donors receive recognition, and an engineering drawing of the component they sponsored.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 1999 a £250,000 appeal was launched to fund the boiler, whose absence was noticeable with <i>Tornado</i> then comprising a wheeled frame with completed cab and smokebox.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> As <i>Tornado</i> began to look like a locomotive with the mating of the frame with the wheelset in the autumn of 2000, fundraising progress increased, breaking previous records by recruiting 100 new covenantors in two months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup> By 2005, the trust had raised over £1.5m.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-34_18-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-34-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Completion of the boiler was achieved through a half-million pound <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_issue" title="Bond issue">bond issue</a>. Following securing of the boiler funds, the last major part, the tender, was achieved with a £200,000 single sponsor donation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-33_37-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-33-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>By May 2008, £2.5m had been raised and spent, and the gap to the required £3m had been raised to complete <i>Tornado</i>. However, due to the Chinese economic boom causing raw materials cost increases, together with increased certification costs, a further £50,000 appeal had to be launched if main line running was to be achieved by September.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-35_20-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-35-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the end of September 2008, the Trust still needed to raise £66,000 to pay for tests and trials to allow main line operation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-DSTimes22Oct08-47">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCTeesIndustry22Sep08_83-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBCTeesIndustry22Sep08-83">[83]</a></sup> While at the GCR, the project costs were running at the rate of £10,000 a month,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM355p34-31">[31]</a></sup> rising to "six-figure bills" for certification in the months up to January 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-SRM358p6_7-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Launched in 2004, the Trust's half-million pound bond issue offered 4% returns, but in January 2009 £100,000 worth of these bonds remained unsubscribed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM120p6_7_65-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM120p6_7-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sponsorship">Sponsorship</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_smokebox_door.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="153" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/60163_Tornado_smokebox_door.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_smokebox_door.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">The A1 Trust headboard, locomotive number 60163 and shed code 51 A</div></div></div>
<p>In 1994 the A1 trust gained its first major sponsor, William Cook Cast Products.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> In 1997, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway" title="Great North Eastern Railway">Great North Eastern Railway</a> (GNER), the then operator on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a>, became a sponsor, and decorated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_railway_station" title="Darlington railway station">Darlington station</a> for the event, as well as offering free travel for trust workers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup>
The trust gained <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a> as a sponsor in spring 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> The trust's principal sponsor is William Cook Cast Products,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> which initially cast the driving wheels on "very advantageous terms",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> and later assisted with all the wheels and almost all other steel castings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup> As with GNER, <i>Tornado's</i> links to the East Coast Main Line brought with it support from the next incumbent operator, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Express_East_Coast" title="National Express East Coast">National Express East Coast</a>, with sponsorship of the third main line test run to Newcastle. Significant savings were made through industrial sponsorship; by 1998 this was keeping costs at 40% of normal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-19_29-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-19-29">[29]</a></sup> Some components, such as the smokebox door, were even obtained free of charge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm2-29_15-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm2-29-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_income">Other income</span></h3>
<p>Cost savings of a third of the original manufacturing costs were possible in some cases where the building of one locomotive allowed for cheaper construction methods, such as using one-off polystyrene casting patterns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rm1-18_10-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-rm1-18-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several other events and fund-raising drives have assisted in funding the project, including a Land's End to John O'Groats bike ride. The Trust also received proceeds from the sale of limited edition <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">models</a> of <i>Tornado</i> in works grey livery.
</p><p>A new book on the story of Tornado called <i>Tornado 21st Century Steam</i>, written by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian's</a></i> Jonathan Glancey, was released on 15 October 2010.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h2>
<p>A BBC film crew filmed the project at certain points on the journey, up to and including the arrival and operation of <i>Tornado</i> running at the GCR. The resulting film was used to make a 30-minute <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>, <i>Absolutely Chuffed: The Men Who Built a Steam Engine</i>. It was first broadcast on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> on 16 October 2008, as part of their Golden Age of Steam season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC4AC-33">[33]</a></sup> The film was released on Region 2 DVD on 28 December 2009 with unseen material and DVD extras.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Tornado</i> and the <i>Tornado</i> project was also partly featured in the BBC Four documentary episode <i>The Last Days of Steam</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TimeshiftLDOS_40-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-TimeshiftLDOS-40">[40]</a></sup> (series 8 of the <i>Time Shift</i> documentaries), and also on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Do_They_Do_It%3F" title="How Do They Do It?">How Do They Do It?</a></i> (channel <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_(TV_channel)" title="Five (TV channel)">Five</a> version, season 3 episode 3).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> The project also featured on BBC 2's magazine programme <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Lunch" title="Working Lunch">Working Lunch</a></i> broadcast on 3 December 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC2WorkingLunchProgDetails_88-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-BBC2WorkingLunchProgDetails-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Top_Gear_Race_to_the_North"><i>Top Gear</i> Race to the North</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_Race_to_the_North" title="Top Gear Race to the North">Top Gear Race to the North</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:60163_Tornado_Private_Charter_Cathedrals_Express_Top_Gear_Race_25_April_2009_Newcastle_pic_7.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/60163_Tornado_Private_Charter_Cathedrals_Express_Top_Gear_Race_25_April_2009_Newcastle_pic_7.jpg/220px-60163_Tornado_Private_Charter_Cathedrals_Express_Top_Gear_Race_25_April_2009_Newcastle_pic_7.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tornado</i> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_Race_to_the_North" title="Top Gear Race to the North"><i>Top Gear</i> Race to the North</a></div></div></div>
<p>On 25 April 2009, <i>Tornado</i> hauled a 10-coach <i>Cathedrals Express</i> charter from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a>. This private train was filmed by the BBC for a retro <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_Races" title="Top Gear Races"><i>Top Gear</i> Race</a>, in which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Jeremy Clarkson</a> on the train raced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_May" title="James May">James May</a> in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XK120" title="Jaguar XK120">Jaguar XK120</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond" title="Richard Hammond">Richard Hammond</a> on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Black_Shadow" title="Vincent Black Shadow">Vincent Black Shadow</a> motorbike. <i>Tornado</i> was booked to complete the 390.2-mile (628.0 km) journey in 8 hours 2 minutes, without any passenger stops at stations, but with four water stops en route at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantham" title="Grantham">Grantham</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Yard" title="Tyne Yard">Tyne Yard</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a>, totalling 95 minutes booked stoppage time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UKSI25Apr09_89-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-UKSI25Apr09-89">[89]</a></sup> Because motorways did not exist in 1949 (the first not being built until 1959) May and Hammond were restricted to using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_road_numbering_scheme" title="Great Britain road numbering scheme">A-roads</a>. In a close finish, <i>Tornado</i> came second behind the Jaguar, with a difference of only about ten minutes between them. The train was formed from the maroon support coach and a uniform rake of nine <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scot_(passenger_train)" title="Royal Scot (passenger train)">Royal Scot</a></i> blood and custard coaches. The race featured in the first episode of the show's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(series_13)" title="Top Gear (series 13)">13th series</a>, airing on 21 June 2009.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_film">In film</span></h3>
<p>60163 <i>Tornado</i>, as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Hughes_Crab" title="LMS Hughes Crab">LMS Hughes Crab</a> no. 13065, appeared in the 2017 film, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_2" title="Paddington 2">Paddington 2</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Models">Models</span></h2>
<p>A "very limited edition" customised model from The Model Centre (TMC), based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachmann_Branchline" title="Bachmann Branchline">Bachmann</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OO_gauge" title="OO gauge">OO scale</a> model in grey livery helped raise funds for the project.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-HRM116p8-38">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> Another grey works <i>Tornado</i> was to be made by TMC but with National Express on her tender from her 18 November main line test run.
</p><p>Bachmann released a <i>Tornado</i> model in BR Apple Green livery just before Christmas 2009. Unlike the TMC models, which featured a standard Bachmann A1 repainted in <i>Tornado's</i> then grey livery, and unlike the original Bachmann limited edition model of <i>Tornado</i> which had the locomotive in BR Brunswick Green livery with the late BR crest, the 2009 release was a new model, with most (though not all) of the detail differences applied. This is particularly evident on the tender, which features the enlarged water capacity and reduced coal storage of <i>Tornado</i> as compared to the original A1 locomotives. The model proved extremely popular, to the extent that 10 weeks after going on sale Bachmann stocks were exhausted and more models had to be ordered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bachmann_stock_details_93-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_note-Bachmann_stock_details-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornby_Railways" title="Hornby Railways">Hornby Railways</a> have produced a model of <i>Tornado</i> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/00_gauge" title="00 gauge">00 gauge</a>.
</p><p>Graham Farish have produced a model in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_scale" title="N scale">N scale</a>.
</p><p>For their 2013/2014 range, Bachmann released an Express Passenger Blue model of <i>Tornado</i> which is a standard repaint and slightly modified Peppercorn A1.
</p><p>Darstaed Models are to manufacture an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_scale" title="O scale">O scale</a> model of <i>Tornado</i> using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinplate" title="Tinplate">tinplate</a>. The model will feature traditional three-rail electric pick up.
</p><p>Accucraft (UK) make a live steam model of <i>Tornado</i> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_1" title="Gauge 1">gauge 1</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS-Patriot_Project" title="LMS-Patriot Project">LMS-Patriot Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_5550" title="Pennsylvania Railroad 5550">Pennsylvania Railroad 5550</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR_6800_Class_6880_Betton_Grange" title="GWR 6800 Class 6880 Betton Grange">GWR 6800 Class 6880 Betton Grange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotives_of_the_21st_century" title="Steam locomotives of the 21st century">Steam locomotives of the 21st century</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist">
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-RM50Greatest2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RM50Greatest2008_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, 50 Great British Locomotives, Autumn/Winter 2008 special, p98, A bonus 51st entry: The 21st century steam miracle</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Times9Oct08Binyon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Times9Oct08Binyon_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMichael_Binyon2008">Michael Binyon (9 October 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/news/article4908980.ece" rel="nofollow">"The steam train returns: caught up by the Tornado"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+steam+train+returns%3A+caught+up+by+the+Tornado&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.au=Michael+Binyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2Farticle4908980.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.a1steam.com/tornado/news/tornado-details/overhaul-over-run-explained" rel="nofollow">"Overhaul over-run explained"</a>. <i>A1 Steam</i>. 13 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A1+Steam&rft.atitle=Overhaul+over-run+explained&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Ftornado%2Fnews%2Ftornado-details%2Foverhaul-over-run-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TG01-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-TG01_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGlancey2001">Glancey, Jonathan (24 November 2001). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/nov/24/artsfeatures" rel="nofollow">"Remembrance of things fast"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Remembrance+of+things+fast&rft.date=2001-11-24&rft.aulast=Glancey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2001%2Fnov%2F24%2Fartsfeatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMApril2008Tornado50thInClass_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Tornado Story". <i>The Railway Magazine</i>: 15. April 2008.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Tornado+Story&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2008-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IMechETornadopresentation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-IMechETornadopresentation_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://nearyou.imeche.org.uk/events/event.htm?eID=2063" rel="nofollow">"Presentation 'Tornado – the first 6 months of operation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Events, Technical Lecture, 18 February 2009</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMechE" title="IMechE">IMechE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Events%2C+Technical+Lecture%2C+18+February+2009&rft.atitle=Presentation+%27Tornado+%E2%80%93+the+first+6+months+of+operation%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnearyou.imeche.org.uk%2Fevents%2Fevent.htm%3FeID%3D2063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-A1News1996Grants-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-A1News1996Grants_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103%3Ap300000-in-grants-awarded&Itemid=124" rel="nofollow">"£300,000 in grants awarded"</a>. <i>News archive</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+archive&rft.atitle=%C2%A3300%2C000+in+grants+awarded&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D103%253Ap300000-in-grants-awarded%26Itemid%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-A1News1993CAD-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-A1News1993CAD_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-A1News1993CAD_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90%3Alatest-computer-technology-used-at-nrm&Itemid=124" rel="nofollow">"Latest Computer Technology used at NRM"</a>. <i>News archive</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>The A1 Project is [using <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Aided_Design" title="Computer Aided Design">CAD</a>] in making modifications to correct A1 faults such as rough-riding just as the LNER/Eastern Region would have done if steam had continued</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+archive&rft.atitle=Latest+Computer+Technology+used+at+NRM&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D90%253Alatest-computer-technology-used-at-nrm%26Itemid%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm1-16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-16_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 1, April 2008, page 16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm1-18-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-18_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 1, April 2008, page 18</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm1-17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-17_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 1, April 2008, page 17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RailwayHeraldLaunchVideo_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129170209/http://railwayherald.com/video/" rel="nofollow">"Tornado unveiled at York (video)"</a>. <i>Railway Herald website, Video Section</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.railwayherald.com/video/" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 29 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Herald+website%2C+Video+Section&rft.atitle=Tornado+unveiled+at+York+%28video%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwayherald.com%2Fvideo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/7898633.stm" rel="nofollow">"Royal couple name new steam train, 19 February 2009"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Royal+couple+name+new+steam+train%2C+19+February+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnorth_yorkshire%2F7898633.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm1-15-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-15_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-15_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-15_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 1, April 2008, page 15</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-29-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-29_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 29</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-32-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-32_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 32</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-30-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-30_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-30_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 30</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-34-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-34_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 34</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm1-14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-14_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 1, April 2008, page 14</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-35-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-35_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 35</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OSNews3Nov08-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews3Nov08_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">A1 Steam Official Site</a> Latest News – New £3m steam locomotive Tornado takes first steps on the main line. Retrieved 4 November 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBCNews19Nov08ready-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBCNews19Nov08ready_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBCNews19Nov08ready_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/7737382.stm" rel="nofollow">"New steam loco ready for service"</a>. BBC News. 19 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>[Tornado] is ready for service after successfully completing all its trial runs. <i>Tornado</i> completed its third and final test run between York and Newcastle.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+steam+loco+ready+for+service&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnorth_yorkshire%2F7737382.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBCNews13Dec08Unveil-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBCNews13Dec08Unveil_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/7781217.stm" rel="nofollow">"Public unveiling for steam train"</a>. BBC News. 13 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2008</span>. <q>She was unveiled in apple green, the colour carried by the first 30 Peppercorn class A1s.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Public+unveiling+for+steam+train&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnorth_yorkshire%2F7781217.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC31Jan09FirstTrip_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7862401.stm" rel="nofollow">"First passenger trip for new loco"</a>. BBC News. 31 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>. <q>The first new mainline steam engine to be built in Britain for nearly 50 years has made its maiden voyage carrying fare-paying passengers. It travelled from York, calling at Darlington and Durham before stopping in Newcastle ahead of its return trip. Seats on the first journey have been reserved for supporters of the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+passenger+trip+for+new+loco&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F7862401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8428097.stm" rel="nofollow">"BBC News - Steam train's snow rescue 'glory'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 23 December 2009.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+News+-+Steam+train%27s+snow+rescue+%27glory%27&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F8428097.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TT16-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-TT16_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/images/stories/various/tornado_telegraph/TTT16.pdf" rel="nofollow">"The Tornado Telegraph January 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tornado+Telegraph+January+2011&rft.pub=A1+Steam+Locomotive+Trust&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fvarious%2Ftornado_telegraph%2FTTT16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.martynbane.co.uk/modernsteam/ldp/60163/60163.htm" rel="nofollow">MartyBane.co.uk</a> Transcript of an October 1993 Steam Railway publication</span>
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<li id="cite_note-rm2-31-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-31_28-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 31</span>
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<li id="cite_note-rm1-19-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm1-19_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 1, April 2008, page 19</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RMNov2008p63-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMNov2008p63_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, November 2008, p63</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SRM355p34-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p34_31-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steam Railway magazine, Issue 355, 17 October – 13 November 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SRM358p6_7-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p6_7_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steam Railway magazine, Issue 358, 9 January – 5 February 2009, pages 6–7</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC4AC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC4AC_33-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dzz5y" rel="nofollow">Absolutely Chuffed: The Men Who Built a Steam Engine</a> BBC Four. Retrieved 16 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nebusiness24Sep2007-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-nebusiness24Sep2007_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFLogan2007">Logan, Helen (24 September 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nebusiness.co.uk/supplements/north-east-vision/north-east-vision-autumn-2007/2007/09/24/tornado-team-steams-into-future-with-new-locomotive-51140-19850919/" rel="nofollow">"Tornado team steams into future with new locomotive"</a>. <i>nebusiness</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nebusiness&rft.atitle=Tornado+team+steams+into+future+with+new+locomotive&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebusiness.co.uk%2Fsupplements%2Fnorth-east-vision%2Fnorth-east-vision-autumn-2007%2F2007%2F09%2F24%2Ftornado-team-steams-into-future-with-new-locomotive-51140-19850919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=632:tornado-update-24th-july-2010&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=123" rel="nofollow">"Tornado update - 24th July 2010"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tornado+update+-+24th+July+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D632%3Atornado-update-24th-july-2010%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news%26Itemid%3D123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-28-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-28_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-28_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 28</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rm2-33-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-33_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-33_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-rm2-33_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, The Tornado Story Part 2, May 2008, page 33</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HRM116p8-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM116p8_38-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heritage Railway magazine, Issue 116, 2–29 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SRM355p73-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p73_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p73_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steam Railway magazine, Issue 355, 17 October – 13 November 2008, page 73</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TimeshiftLDOS-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-TimeshiftLDOS_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-TimeshiftLDOS_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-TimeshiftLDOS_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dzzdc" rel="nofollow">The Last Days of Steam</a> BBC Four. Retrieved 18 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SRM358p44_46-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p44_46_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p44_46_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p44_46_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steam Railway magazine, Issue 358, 9 January – 5 February 2009, pages 44–46</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OSCertification24Oct08-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSCertification24Oct08_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">A1 Steam Official Site</a> Certification. Retrieved 24 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SRM355p60-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM355p60_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steam Railway magazine, Issue 355, 17 October – 13 November 2008, pages 60–61</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OSNews25Aug08-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews25Aug08_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews25Aug08_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews25Aug08_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">A1 Steam Official Site</a> Tornado hauls first trains on Great Central Railway, Monday, 25 August 2008 13:54. Retrieved 24 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OSPR24Oct08-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSPR24Oct08_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">A1 Steam Official Site</a> Preserved Railways. Retrieved 24 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RMDec08p7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMDec08p7_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMDec08p7_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMDec08p7_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Railway Magazine, December 2008, page 7</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DSTimes22Oct08-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DSTimes22Oct08_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/3780150.Tornado_steams_into_town/" rel="nofollow">Tornado steams into town</a> Darlington and Stockton Times, 22 October 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Scotsman6Nov08-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Scotsman6Nov08_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/uk/It39s-full-steam-ahead-for.4665979.jp" rel="nofollow">It's full steam ahead for new locomotive</a> <i>The Scotsman</i>, 6 November 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OSNews6Nov08-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSNews6Nov08_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">A1 Steam Official Site</a> Latest News – First train on main line for new £3m steam locomotive Tornado, 6 November 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NEx-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-NEx_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222:national-express-sponsors-final-test-train-on-main-line-for-new-p3m-steam-locomotive-tornado&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=123" rel="nofollow">"National Express sponsors final test train on main line for new £3m steam locomotive Tornado"</a>. <i>A1steam.com</i>. 18 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A1steam.com&rft.atitle=National+Express+sponsors+final+test+train+on+main+line+for+new+%C2%A33m+steam+locomotive+Tornado&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D222%3Anational-express-sponsors-final-test-train-on-main-line-for-new-p3m-steam-locomotive-tornado%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news%26Itemid%3D123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-YorkPost11Dec08-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-YorkPost11Dec08_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-YorkPost11Dec08_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMark_Branagan2008">Mark Branagan (11 December 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Golden-age-of-steam-comes.4783500.jp" rel="nofollow">"Golden age of steam comes back to life in newly-built loco"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Post&rft.atitle=Golden+age+of+steam+comes+back+to+life+in+newly-built+loco&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.au=Mark+Branagan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshirepost.co.uk%2Fnews%2FGolden-age-of-steam-comes.4783500.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=237:test-run-for-tornado&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=123" rel="nofollow">"Test run on main line as Tornado prepares for main line passenger début"</a>. <i>Latest News</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. 25 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latest+News&rft.atitle=Test+run+on+main+line+as+Tornado+prepares+for+main+line+passenger+d%C3%A9but&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D237%3Atest-run-for-tornado%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news%26Itemid%3D123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DailyExpress29Jan09-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DailyExpress29Jan09_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DailyExpress29Jan09_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-DailyExpress29Jan09_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFJohn_Ingham2009">John Ingham (29 January 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/82349/A-blast-from-the-past-as-new-Tornado-puffs-back" rel="nofollow">"A blast from the past as new Tornado puffs back"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+blast+from+the+past+as+new+Tornado+puffs+back&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft.au=John+Ingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fposts%2Fview%2F82349%2FA-blast-from-the-past-as-new-Tornado-puffs-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SkyNews31Jan09-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SkyNews31Jan09_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Tornado-Steam-Train-To-Carry-First-Passengers-From-York-In-Newcastle-In-Maiden-Voyage/Article/200901415214231?lpos=UK_News_First_UK_News_Article_Teaser_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_15214231_Tornado_Steam_Train_To_Carry_First_Passengers_From_York_In_Newcastle_In_Maiden_Voyage" rel="nofollow">"All Aboard For Tornado's Debut"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. 31 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>. <q>Tornado made a successful test run on Wednesday and was given the go-ahead to haul a passenger train on the Network Rail main line.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=All+Aboard+For+Tornado%27s+Debut&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fskynews%2FHome%2FUK-News%2FTornado-Steam-Train-To-Carry-First-Passengers-From-York-In-Newcastle-In-Maiden-Voyage%2FArticle%2F200901415214231%3Flpos%3DUK_News_First_UK_News_Article_Teaser_Region_2%26lid%3DARTICLE_15214231_Tornado_Steam_Train_To_Carry_First_Passengers_From_York_In_Newcastle_In_Maiden_Voyage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RMFeb09p57-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMFeb09p57_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[The Railway Magazine, February 2009, page 57]</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RMFeb09p6_7-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMFeb09p6_7_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RMFeb09p6_7_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[The Railway Magazine, February 2009, pages 6–7]</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC180609-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC180609_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/8106414.stm" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/8106414.stm</a> Steam loco in TV race challenge <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> 18 June 2009</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSFirstToursMainline22Nov08_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=148" rel="nofollow">"Where to travel"</a>. <i>Travel with Tornado</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+with+Tornado&rft.atitle=Where+to+travel&rft.chron=n.d.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D47%26Itemid%3D148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UKSIYork31Jan-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-UKSIYork31Jan_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uksteam.info/tours/trs09.htm" rel="nofollow">"Mainline Steam Tour Programme 2009"</a>. Uksteam.info. 17 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>Sat 31-Jan Private Charter (Provisional) (updated 13/11) York-Newcastle 60163: York-Newcastle-York [Tornado inaugural train] Sun 01-Feb Private Charter (Provisional) (updated 13/11) York-Newcastle 60163: York-Newcastle-York</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mainline+Steam+Tour+Programme+2009&rft.pub=Uksteam.info&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uksteam.info%2Ftours%2Ftrs09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-A1STNews23Jan09Change-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-A1STNews23Jan09Change_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=234:changes-to-sunday-1st-february-train-the-peppercorn-pioneer&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=123" rel="nofollow">"Changes to Sunday 1st February train 'The Peppercorn Pioneer'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Latest News</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Steam_Locomotive_Trust" title="A1 Steam Locomotive Trust">A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a>. 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latest+News&rft.atitle=Changes+to+Sunday+1st+February+train+%27The+Peppercorn+Pioneer%27&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D234%3Achanges-to-sunday-1st-february-train-the-peppercorn-pioneer%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news%26Itemid%3D123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UKSILonKK7Feb-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-UKSILonKK7Feb_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uksteam.info/tours/trs09.htm" rel="nofollow">"Mainline Steam Tour Programme 2009"</a>. Uksteam.info. 17 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>Sat 07-Feb The Talsiman (Provisional) (updated 13/11) York–London Kings Cross 60163: York–Kings Cross</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mainline+Steam+Tour+Programme+2009&rft.pub=Uksteam.info&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uksteam.info%2Ftours%2Ftrs09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UKSILonVic14Feb-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-UKSILonVic14Feb_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uksteam.info/tours/trs09.htm" rel="nofollow">"Mainline Steam Tour Programme 2009"</a>. Uksteam.info. 17 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>Sat 14-Feb Valentine Dining Excursions (updated 10/11) London Victoria–TBA [wcrc]60163: Victoria–TBA–Victoria (lunch tour) 60163:Victoria–Guildford–Victoria (dinner tour)</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mainline+Steam+Tour+Programme+2009&rft.pub=Uksteam.info&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uksteam.info%2Ftours%2Ftrs09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FirstLondonDeparture14Feb08-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-FirstLondonDeparture14Feb08_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009151353/http://www.steamdreams.com/content/view/47/50/" rel="nofollow">"Valentine's Day Tours – 14th February 2009"</a>. Steamdreams.com. n.d. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.steamdreams.com/content/view/47/50/" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 9 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valentine%27s+Day+Tours+%E2%80%93+14th+February+2009&rft.pub=Steamdreams.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steamdreams.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F47%2F50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UKSI29Jan09FirstWaterloo-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-UKSI29Jan09FirstWaterloo_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uksteam.info/tours/trs09.htm" rel="nofollow">"Mainline Steam Tour Programme 2009"</a>. Uksteam.info. 29 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>. <q>Sat 14-Feb Valentine Dining Excursion (am) – London Victoria–Trowbridge London Waterloo–Andover [dbs] 60163: Victoria–Staines–Newbury–Trowbridge–Swindon–Staines–Victoria (lunch tour) Waterloo–Staines–Andover–Eastleigh–Staines–Waterloo [Revised route now from Waterloo not Victoria]</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mainline+Steam+Tour+Programme+2009&rft.pub=Uksteam.info&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uksteam.info%2Ftours%2Ftrs09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HRM120p6_7-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM120p6_7_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM120p6_7_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-HRM120p6_7_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Heritage Railway magazine, Issue 120, 21 January – 18 February 2009, pages 6–7]</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SRM358p35-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p35_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-SRM358p35_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steam Railway magazine, Issue 358, 9 January – 5 February 2009, page 35</span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC8428097-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC8428097_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8428097.stm" rel="nofollow">"Steam train's snow rescue 'glory'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News Online. 23 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Steam+train%27s+snow+rescue+%27glory%27&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F8428097.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2009/december/21/steam_wins_the_day.aspx" rel="nofollow">"Steam engine Tornado shows up its electric friends as it races through Kent"</a>. <i>Kent Online</i>. KM Group. 21 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kent+Online&rft.atitle=Steam+engine+Tornado+shows+up+its+electric+friends+as+it+races+through+Kent&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentonline.co.uk%2Fkentonline%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fdecember%2F21%2Fsteam_wins_the_day.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPigott2010"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Pigott" title="Nick Pigott">Pigott, Nick</a>, ed. (March 2010). "Steam to the rescue as bad weather hits". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Magazine" title="The Railway Magazine">The Railway Magazine</a></i>. London: IPC Media. <b>156</b> (1307): 6. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8923" rel="nofollow">0033-8923</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=Steam+to+the+rescue+as+bad+weather+hits&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=1307&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2010-03&rft.issn=0033-8923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RAIL22-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RAIL22_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RAIL22_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RAIL22_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rail.co.uk/rail-news/2012/blue-tornado/" rel="nofollow">"Now, It's a Blue Tornado"</a>. Rail.co.uk. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Now%2C+It%27s+a+Blue+Tornado&rft.pub=Rail.co.uk&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rail.co.uk%2Frail-news%2F2012%2Fblue-tornado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RASEP2020-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-RASEP2020_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHolden2020">Holden, Michael (11 September 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2020/09/new-look-for-steam-locomotive-60163-tornado-as-it-heads-to-edinburgh-this-saturday.html" rel="nofollow">"New look for steam locomotive 60163 Tornado as it heads to Edinburgh this Saturday"</a>. Railadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+look+for+steam+locomotive+60163+Tornado+as+it+heads+to+Edinburgh+this+Saturday&rft.pub=Railadvent&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railadvent.co.uk%2F2020%2F09%2Fnew-look-for-steam-locomotive-60163-tornado-as-it-heads-to-edinburgh-this-saturday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Metro6569698-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Metro6569698_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2017/04/12/steam-train-hits-100mph-on-main-line-for-the-first-time-since-the-1960s-6569698/" rel="nofollow">"Steam train hits 100mph on main line for the first time since the 1960s"</a>. <i>Metro</i>. Associated Newspapers Ltd.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Steam+train+hits+100mph+on+main+line+for+the+first+time+since+the+1960s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2017%2F04%2F12%2Fsteam-train-hits-100mph-on-main-line-for-the-first-time-since-the-1960s-6569698%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TelegraphTornado-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-TelegraphTornado_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEnglish2017">English, Andrew (13 April 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/news/tornado-steam-train-hits-100mph-secret-test-run-east-coast-main/" rel="nofollow">"Tornado warning: we join 100mph steam loco on secret dawn test run"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Telegraph Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tornado+warning%3A+we+join+100mph+steam+loco+on+secret+dawn+test+run&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcars%2Fnews%2Ftornado-steam-train-hits-100mph-secret-test-run-east-coast-main%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-OSHiringTornado4Nov08-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSHiringTornado4Nov08_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-OSHiringTornado4Nov08_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">A1 Steam Official Site</a> Hiring Tornado. Retrieved 4 November 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-14999197" rel="nofollow">"Tornado steam locomotive sets new record"</a>. BBC News. 22 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tornado+steam+locomotive+sets+new+record&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cumbria-14999197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-24035714" rel="nofollow">"Tornado steam train completes London-to-Sussex journey"</a>. BBC News. 10 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tornado+steam+train+completes+London-to-Sussex+journey&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fuk-england-24035714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFPidd2017">Pidd, Helen (14 February 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/feb/14/settle-carlisle-railway-service-steam-train-tornado" rel="nofollow">"Full steam ahead as Tornado engine powers Settle-Carlisle train service"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Full+steam+ahead+as+Tornado+engine+powers+Settle-Carlisle+train+service&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Pidd&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F14%2Fsettle-carlisle-railway-service-steam-train-tornado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://www.a1steam.com/2018/04/14/the-ebor-flyer-update/" rel="nofollow">https://www.a1steam.com/2018/04/14/the-ebor-flyer-update/</a> Tornado motion failure</span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://www.a1steam.com/2018/04/17/tornado-repair-update/" rel="nofollow">https://www.a1steam.com/2018/04/17/tornado-repair-update/</a> Repairs update</span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHolden2021">Holden, Michael (18 November 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/11/steam-locomotive-60163-tornado-withdrawn-from-mainline-service.html" rel="nofollow">"Steam locomotive 60163 Tornado withdrawn from mainline service"</a>. Rail Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steam+locomotive+60163+Tornado+withdrawn+from+mainline+service&rft.pub=Rail+Advent&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railadvent.co.uk%2F2021%2F11%2Fsteam-locomotive-60163-tornado-withdrawn-from-mainline-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHolden2022">Holden, Emma (8 July 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2022/07/aberdeen-tours-cancelled-an-update-on-steam-locomotive-60163-tornado.html" rel="nofollow">"Aberdeen tours cancelled – an update on steam locomotive 60163 Tornado"</a>. Railadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+tours+cancelled+%E2%80%93+an+update+on+steam+locomotive+60163+Tornado&rft.pub=Railadvent&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railadvent.co.uk%2F2022%2F07%2Faberdeen-tours-cancelled-an-update-on-steam-locomotive-60163-tornado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHolden2022">Holden, Michael (27 January 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2022/01/overhaul-begins-on-steam-locomotive-60163-tornado-in-loughborough.html" rel="nofollow">"Overhaul begins on steam locomotive 60163 Tornado in Loughborough"</a>. Rail Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overhaul+begins+on+steam+locomotive+60163+Tornado+in+Loughborough&rft.pub=Rail+Advent&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railadvent.co.uk%2F2022%2F01%2Foverhaul-begins-on-steam-locomotive-60163-tornado-in-loughborough.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBCTeesIndustry22Sep08-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBCTeesIndustry22Sep08_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/tees/content/articles/2007/12/03/a1_tornado_feature.shtml" rel="nofollow">60163 Tornado is on the go!</a> BBC Tees – Industry, last updated 22 September 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.a1steam.com/category/history/" rel="nofollow">"The building of Tornado"</a>. <i>A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A1+Steam+Locomotive+Trust&rft.atitle=The+building+of+Tornado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Fcategory%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.a1steam.com/become-a-sponsor/" rel="nofollow">"Become a Sponsor"</a>. <i>A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>William Cook Cast Products is the Trust's Principal Sponsor</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A1+Steam+Locomotive+Trust&rft.atitle=Become+a+Sponsor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2Fbecome-a-sponsor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B002VENATQ" rel="nofollow">"Tornado A1 Pacific Steam Engine: BBC Absolutely Chuffed – The Men Who Built a Train DVD: Amazon.co.uk: DVD & Blu-ray"</a>. Amazon.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tornado+A1+Pacific+Steam+Engine%3A+BBC+Absolutely+Chuffed+%E2%80%93+The+Men+Who+Built+a+Train+DVD%3A+Amazon.co.uk%3A+DVD+%26+Blu-ray&rft.pub=Amazon.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2Fdp%2FB002VENATQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://demand.five.tv/Episode.aspx?episodeBaseName=C5141170003" rel="nofollow">How Do They Do It? Episode 3</a> demand.five.tv. Retrieved 18 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC2WorkingLunchProgDetails-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-BBC2WorkingLunchProgDetails_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7124643.stm" rel="nofollow">"Monday 3rd December 2007, segment "Locomotive Gift"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Lunch" title="Working Lunch">Working Lunch</a></i>. BBC News. 3 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>What about giving your loved one some brass nuts or a part for a steam boiler? Rob meets a bunch of enterprising rail enthusiasts who hope you will consider it.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Lunch&rft.atitle=Monday+3rd+December+2007%2C+segment+%22Locomotive+Gift%22&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fworking_lunch%2F7124643.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UKSI25Apr09-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-UKSI25Apr09_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uksteam.info/tours/t09/t0425c.htm" rel="nofollow">"Private Charter Saturday 25 April 2009 LNER A1 Class 4-6-2 no 60163 Tornado"</a>. UKSteam info. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2009</span>. <q>Steam hauled: Kings Cross–Edinburgh Load: 10 coaches 1Z63 0.0 London Kings Cross d 07.25 60163...105.5 Grantham a 09.07 water 105.5 d 09.20...188.5 York a 10.33 water 188.5 d 11.08...264.6 Tyne Yard a 12.25 water 264.6 d 12.59...335.9 Berwick DGL a 14.12 water 335.9 d 14.25...390.2 Edinburgh Waverley a 15.27</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Private+Charter+Saturday+25+April+2009+LNER+A1+Class+4-6-2+no+60163+Tornado&rft.pub=UKSteam+info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uksteam.info%2Ftours%2Ft09%2Ft0425c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.a1steam.com/2017/08/21/tornado-paddington-2-not-station/" rel="nofollow">"Tornado and Paddington 2 – not the station!"</a>. <i>A1 Steam</i>. 21 August 2017.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A1+Steam&rft.atitle=Tornado+and+Paddington+2+%E2%80%93+not+the+station%21&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a1steam.com%2F2017%2F08%2F21%2Ftornado-paddington-2-not-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGill2017">Gill, Emma (4 October 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/paddington2-manchester-east-lancs-railway-13717027" rel="nofollow">"The Paddington 2 film is coming soon - and you might recognise a familiar landmark"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=The+Paddington+2+film+is+coming+soon+-+and+you+might+recognise+a+familiar+landmark&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ffilm-news%2Fpaddington2-manchester-east-lancs-railway-13717027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215:limited-edition-model-of-tornado-in-her-launch-livery-of-works-grey-from-tmc&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=123" rel="nofollow">Limited edition model of <i>Tornado</i> in her launch livery of works grey from TMC</a> Official site news, 14 September 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bachmann_stock_details-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado#cite_ref-Bachmann_stock_details_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bachmann.co.uk/prod1.php?prod_selected=branchline&prod=3" rel="nofollow">"Bachmann stock page, accessed 12 March 2010"</a>. Bachmann.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bachmann+stock+page%2C+accessed+12+March+2010&rft.pub=Bachmann.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bachmann.co.uk%2Fprod1.php%3Fprod_selected%3Dbranchline%26prod%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGlancey,_Jonathan2010">Glancey, Jonathan (2010). <i>Tornado: 21st Century Steam</i>. Books on Track. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9566770-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9566770-0-6">978-0-9566770-0-6</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tornado%3A+21st+Century+Steam&rft.pub=Books+on+Track&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9566770-0-6&rft.au=Glancey%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTownend,_Peter1982">Townend, Peter (1982). <i>East Coast Pacifics at Work</i>. Ian Allan. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1170-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1170-2">0-7110-1170-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Coast+Pacifics+at+Work&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7110-1170-2&rft.au=Townend%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNock,_O._S.1984">Nock, O. S. (1984). <i>British Locomotives of the 20th Century, Volume 2: 1930-1960</i>. Patrick Stephens.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Locomotives+of+the+20th+Century%2C+Volume+2%3A+1930-1960&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Nock%2C+O.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAllatt,_Mark2008">Allatt, Mark (18 January – 14 February 2008). "<i>Tornado</i>: countdown to steaming!". <i>Heritage Railway</i>. <b>107</b>: 24–31.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Railway&rft.atitle=Tornado%3A+countdown+to+steaming%21&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=2008-01-18%2F2008-02-14&rft.au=Allatt%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALNER+Peppercorn+Class+A1+60163+Tornado"></span></li>
<li><i>The Tornado Story</i>, by Tony Streeter. The official Trust book, up to the Great Central Railway</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="alt" class="noviewer" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado" title="commons:Category:LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado">LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<dl><dt>Official site</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.a1steam.com" rel="nofollow">The A1 Steam Locomotive Trust</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Images</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://fictitiousliveries.co.uk/photo.php?S_60163_BR_G.jpg" rel="nofollow">Modified image showing <i>Tornado</i> in BR Apple Green</a> (Steam Railway Magazine)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/image_galleries/tornado_steam_train_gallery.shtml" rel="nofollow">Pictures at Newcastle, 18 November 2008</a> (BBC Tyne)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/08/uk_enl_1225886619/html/1.stm" rel="nofollow"><i>Tornado</i> and support coach leaving York on her first mainline test to Scarborough</a> BBC News</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116085126/http://a1slt.fotopic.net/" rel="nofollow">Photo-Library of the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, with pictures of 'historic A1s' and 'Building <i>Tornado'</i></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116085126/http://a1trustphotos.fotopic.net/" rel="nofollow">Photo-Library of the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, with pictures of other types of locomotive, and other railway scenes</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/60163tornado/" rel="nofollow">A Flickr group for <i>Tornado</i> photos</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Videos</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/video/regional/56886/" rel="nofollow"><i>Tornado</i> being offloaded at the NRM on arrival from the GCR</a> The Northern Echo</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7574829.stm" rel="nofollow">Interviews and tour outside the shed at the GCR on arrival</a>, BBC News</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7537462.stm" rel="nofollow">Interview with driver and static tour at Darlington Locomotive Works during first move weekend</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Other</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/aug/02/transport.railtravel" rel="nofollow">Short editorial on <i>Tornado</i> and Britains love of steam</a> Guardian, 2008</li></ul>
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<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado&oldid=1144457225">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado&oldid=1144457225</a>"</div></div>
<p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>Low-Power Wi-Fi Includes e-Paper Display2023-03-11T12:15:25.994000ZBryan Cockfieldhttps://hackaday.com/2023/03/10/low-power-wi-fi-includes-e-paper-display/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/low-power-wi-fi-incl/1493574:8361bd">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="533" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/paper-wifi-main.jpg?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>Designing devices that can operate in remote environments on battery power is often challenging, especially if the devices need to last a long time between charges or battery swaps. Thankfully there are some things available that make these tasks a little easier, such as e-ink or e-paper displays which only use power when making changes to the display. That doesn’t solve all of the challenges of low-power devices, but [Albertas] <a href="https://hackaday.io/project/189857-paper-wifi" target="_blank">shows us a few other tricks with this development board</a>.</p>
<p>The platform is designed around an e-paper display and is meant to be used in places where something like sensor data needs to not only be collected, but also displayed. It also uses the ESP32C3 microcontroller as a platform which is well-known for its low power capabilities, and additionally has an on-board temperature and humidity sensor. With Bluetooth included as well, the tiny device can connect to plenty of wireless networks while consuming a remarkably low 34 µA in standby.</p>
<p>With a platform like this that can use extremely low power when not taking measurements, a battery charge can last a surprisingly long time. And, since it is based on common components, adding even a slightly larger battery would not be too difficult and could greatly extend this capability as well. But, <a href="https://hackaday.com/2019/02/22/a-coin-cell-powers-this-tiny-esp32-dev-board/">we have seen similar builds running on nothing more than a coin cell</a>, so doing so might only be necessary in the most extreme of situations.</p>New thing to be outraged over dropped2023-03-09T08:34:06.276000ZRyan Broderickhttps://www.garbageday.email/p/new-thing-to-be-outraged-over-dropped<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/new-thing-to-be-outr/8054607:faad5b">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/8054607.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Garbage Day.</b>
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<h2>A Baseline Of Assumed Cringe</h2><p>In February, the online folie à deux that is Twitter and TikTok latched on to the concept of “thrift shops” and basically tore themselves apart about it incessantly. By the time I <a href="http://In February, the toxic discourse vortex of Twitter and TikTok latched on to the concept of “thrift shops” and basically argued amongst themselves about it for weeks.">finally wrote about it</a>, it was entering its third week.</p><p>Twitter users, in particular, became fixated on Depop resellers, arguing that it was classist to buy old clothes from thrift shops and sell them at a premium. (No, it isn’t.) And, interestingly enough, TikTok users have now found a different, but equally silly thing to be angry about: altering second-hand clothes. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link is-viewable-img image2" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d145f8f-6594-438b-bf1e-a38242662dac_2032x1316.png" target="_blank"><div class="image2-inset"><source type="image/webp" /><img alt="" class="sizing-normal" height="943" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d145f8f-6594-438b-bf1e-a38242662dac_2032x1316.png" width="1456" /><div class="image-link-expand"><svg class="lucide lucide-maximize2" fill="none" height="16" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(TikTok/@kelley.heyer)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Six days ago, a TikTok user named <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@kelley.heyer">Kelley Heyer</a> began documenting the alterations she was doing to a “vintage 70s dress” that she bought online. The first video she posted of the dress was watched over a million times and <a href="https://twitter.com/lvamsgatthebeep/status/1632832863685976069">the comments are wild</a>. </p><p>In a follow-up video, though, Heyer explains that the dress cost around $50, she bought it on eBay, it wasn’t particularly special or even well made, and she thinks it was a prom dress or maybe something used in a theater production.</p><p>I, personally, think she may have made a mistake initially calling the dress “vintage,” which made all the children on TikTok think it was somehow special or valuable. I also, unfortunately, do think the dress looked better before she alte— no, I will not get sucked into this!!!</p><p>After she debuted the new version of the dress, people went even more ballistic and Heyer had to do another follow-up video. She’s posted about the dress at least four more times since the first video and each time there were weirdos grumbling about the original dress design in the comments. Heyer even drew up a list of other dresses people could buy on eBay if they so choose. Though, I doubt anyone did. Because that’s not what this is about.</p><p>I’ve seen this same knee-jerk response around renovation and home remodeling content. Once a week, it feels like, someone shares a video of a TikTok house flipper “destroying” an old house. The old houses, I’d say 85% of the time, are usually both ugly and impractical. This isn’t a TikTok, but <a href="https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/white-minimalist-1930s-bathroom-redo-20000-dollars-37223830">from an Instagram project</a>, but the reaction is exactly what I’m talking about:</p><div class="tweet"><a class="tweet-link-top" href="https://twitter.com/krneely/status/1626229490463682570" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-header"><img alt="Twitter avatar for @krneely" class="tweet-header-avatar" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/twitter_name/w_96/krneely.jpg" /><div class="tweet-header-text"><span class="tweet-author-name">k8 </span><span class="tweet-author-handle">@krneely</span></div></div><div class="tweet-text">NO! NO!!! </div><div class="tweet-photos-container two"><div class="tweet-photos-column"><div class="tweet-photo-wrapper "><source type="image/webp" /><img alt=""before" photo of a 1930s bathroom with dark green walls over pink wall tiles, pink fixtures, and pink floor" class="tweet-photo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_600,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.substack.com%2Fmedia%2FFpGGPWhaIAc42n4.jpg" /></div></div><div class="tweet-photos-column"><div class="tweet-photo-wrapper "><source type="image/webp" /><img alt=""after" photo of an entirely white and beige bathroom with white walls and vertical white tile glass shower, incredibly boring and bland!" class="tweet-photo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_600,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.substack.com%2Fmedia%2FFpGGPvqakAEirVM.jpg" /></div></div></div></a><a class="tweet-link-bottom" href="https://twitter.com/krneely/status/1626229490463682570" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-footer"><span class="tweet-date">2:38 PM ∙ Feb 16, 2023</span><hr /><div class="tweet-ufi"><span class="likes" href="https://twitter.com/krneely/status/1626229490463682570/likes"><span class="like-count">55,316</span>Likes</span><span class="retweets" href="https://twitter.com/krneely/status/1626229490463682570/retweets"><span class="rt-count">2,299</span>Retweets</span></div></div></a></div><p>I’m sorry, I’m a borderline hoarder who loves buying old weird dumb shit and filling my house with it and even I can tell you that the new bathroom on the right loo— no I’m not doing this!!</p><p>I’ve seen a bunch of different arguments for why social media feels like this more than it used to. Concepts I’ve come across like “<a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=feelings%20yakuza">feelings yakuza</a>” or “<a href="https://twitter.com/tercicatrix/status/1376210092492791809?lang=en">the trashed bathroom theory</a>” explain some of this to an extent, but not all the way. I also think it’s a broader trend, one I’m seeing across numerous online subcultures. So what’s the deal? Well, my personal theory is that because we’re being bombarded by content all day, every day now and almost all of it is stripped of its original context, we’ve begun to build our own. And because we can’t possibly know information that we don’t have, we’re basing that context off whatever platform it looks like the piece of content originally came from.</p><p>Here, let’s try a little exercise: I want you to imagine you just saw a random TikTok or TikTok-like video shared on Twitter or Tumblr or Reddit, but you haven’t pressed play yet. Then I want you to think about whether or not you expect that TikTok to be “good” if you were to click on it. As in, I want you to question what your expectations are of the content before you watch it. Similarly, I want you to imagine seeing a screenshot of a tweet on, say, Instagram. And, once again, I want you to think about what you expect upon reading that tweet. I’m going to guess that you expect the TikTok to deliver something cringe, out of touch, or mildly grotesque even. And I’m going to guess that you expect the tweet to say <a href="https://at.tumblr.com/mostly-funnytwittertweets/711177698799665153/w46ci0cwt1kp">something concise and funny</a>. In a sense, platforms have stripped all of our content of context and also become their own context, even if what’s being shared doesn’t fit that context.</p><p>One of the most interesting things about being in a more online world than we used to be is that we, as a population, have not only learned how to express ourselves with social platforms, we’ve begun to create preconceived notions about why we share that content both within and across platforms. People typically share TikToks because they’re bad and people tend to screenshot tweets because they’re funny. If you see a young woman cutting up an old dress on TikTok, your knee-jerk reaction to assume it’s for a bad reason. And while this is most acute on Twitter and TikTok, it’s not unique to just them. Think about your pre-reaction before reading a screenshot of, say a Reddit post — especially one with ages in the title. </p><p>And I think once you acknowledge that TikTok content is all sort of operating at an unspoken, but innately felt level of assumed-cringe it’s easier to understand why everyone’s so mad all the time. They’re here to be mad. That’s the point. If they wanted to like your content they’d have seen somewhere else.</p><div><hr /></div><h2>True Posters Subscribe To Garbage Day</h2><p>Subscribe to Garbage Day if you haven’t yet! It’s $5 a month or $45 a year and you get Discord access and bonus weekend issues. Don’t read the whole internet. Pay me to do it for you instead! Hit the green button to learn more.</p><p class="button-wrapper"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.garbageday.email/subscribe"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr /></div><h2>How MrBeast Sees The World</h2><div class="tweet"><a class="tweet-link-top" href="https://twitter.com/bpoppenheimer/status/1633158463361634306?s=12&t=GArJOEJ41SKT7sLfzFsugQ" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-header"><img alt="Twitter avatar for @bpoppenheimer" class="tweet-header-avatar" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/twitter_name/w_96/bpoppenheimer.jpg" /><div class="tweet-header-text"><span class="tweet-author-name">Billy Oppenheimer </span><span class="tweet-author-handle">@bpoppenheimer</span></div></div><div class="tweet-text">Mr. Beast mentors other creators.
With Mr. Beast’s help, one YouTuber went from 4.6M to 46M monthly views ($24k to $400k/month).
His simple formula: </div></a><div class="tweet-video-wrapper"><video alt="Video" class="tweet-video" controls="true" src="https://video.twimg.com/amplify_video/1633158346302713858/vid/1908x1080/wjv5mD5m1Sb5kCDw.mp4?tag=16"></video></div><a class="tweet-link-bottom" href="https://twitter.com/bpoppenheimer/status/1633158463361634306?s=12&t=GArJOEJ41SKT7sLfzFsugQ" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-footer"><span class="tweet-date">5:31 PM ∙ Mar 7, 2023</span><hr /><div class="tweet-ufi"><span class="likes" href="https://twitter.com/bpoppenheimer/status/1633158463361634306?s=12&t=GArJOEJ41SKT7sLfzFsugQ/likes"><span class="like-count">3,646</span>Likes</span><span class="retweets" href="https://twitter.com/bpoppenheimer/status/1633158463361634306?s=12&t=GArJOEJ41SKT7sLfzFsugQ/retweets"><span class="rt-count">254</span>Retweets</span></div></div></a></div><p>The clip above is from MrBeast’s appearance Joe Rogan’s podcast last year, but I think it’s a very good look at how he views both “content” and his business, which is to say, they’re one and the same for him. I was asked about MrBeast <a href="https://theinsurgents.substack.com/p/ep-156-the-ethics-of-ai-ft-ryan-broderick#details">on the very good</a><em><a href="https://theinsurgents.substack.com/p/ep-156-the-ethics-of-ai-ft-ryan-broderick#details"> Insurgents</a></em><a href="https://theinsurgents.substack.com/p/ep-156-the-ethics-of-ai-ft-ryan-broderick#details"> podcast</a> this week and I think this clip basically captures his whole deal. </p><p>For MrBeast, a video is a math formula and he’s constantly tweaking the integers to gain more followers, more views, and, thus, more ad revenue. And while most creators think this way, he also backs this up with a factory-like production line. It’s about getting the numbers on each side of the equation exponentially bigger.</p><p>What I think is interesting is that, in the abstract, this all sounds pretty professional. You could almost imagine the MrBeast method working for anyone trying to build a digital media brand. Of course, that only works if you divorce the production of his content from what it actually looks like. You can easily forget that when you treat your content like a math equation for viral traffic it all ends up looking like this:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link is-viewable-img image2" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb548809-9ba9-4a31-a16b-673c86dfd44e_2626x1046.png" target="_blank"><div class="image2-inset"><source type="image/webp" /><img alt="" class="sizing-normal" height="580" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffb548809-9ba9-4a31-a16b-673c86dfd44e_2626x1046.png" width="1456" /><div class="image-link-expand"><svg class="lucide lucide-maximize2" fill="none" height="16" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(YouTube/MrBeast)</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr /></div><h2>The TikTok Guy With The “Voice”</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link is-viewable-img image2" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F824174af-c6ca-4d50-ad7e-ca63b428b996_2050x1270.png" target="_blank"><div class="image2-inset"><source type="image/webp" /><img alt="" class="sizing-normal" height="902" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F824174af-c6ca-4d50-ad7e-ca63b428b996_2050x1270.png" width="1456" /><div class="image-link-expand"><svg class="lucide lucide-maximize2" fill="none" height="16" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(TikTok/@neocoom)</figcaption></figure></div><p>lol I know I just spent a whole lot of time above talking about inherent silliness of Twitter-to-TikTok outrage cycles, but I think this is a bit different. This account is called @neocoom, which I have to assume is a reference to the derisive 4chan term “<a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/coomer-meme-no-nut-november-nofap-908676/">coomer</a>,” which is a sub-type of a wojak meme that makes fun of men who are addicted to masturbating. </p><p>So this guy’s videos are unabashedly right wing and borderline fascist. And nothing he’s doing really is all that original, but the reason I wanted to talk about it is because of his absolutely unhinged voice. You can listen to <a href="https://twitter.com/jedinabber/status/1633258047790350336?s=12&t=GArJOEJ41SKT7sLfzFsugQ">how he sounds</a> here without giving his videos any traffic.</p><p>At first I thought he was just like one of those guys you see at Yu-Gi-Oh! tournaments that talk like supervillains. You know, real Dr Robotnik of the Taco Bell parking lot energy. But I went back all the way through his account and he was posting about Northern Ireland politics and sharing videos that seemed as if they were shot in the UK, so now I just think he has a totally whacked out British accent. Either way, his voice literally my skin crawl, especially when he talks directly into his phone’s mic. Also, it looks like he goes to the same Supercuts that MrBeast goes to.</p><div><hr /></div><h2>What’s Coming Next For AI</h2><div class="tweet"><a class="tweet-link-top" href="https://twitter.com/bildoperationen/status/1633082030178050048" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-header"><img alt="Twitter avatar for @bildoperationen" class="tweet-header-avatar" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/twitter_name/w_96/bildoperationen.jpg" /><div class="tweet-header-text"><span class="tweet-author-name">Roland Meyer </span><span class="tweet-author-handle">@bildoperationen</span></div></div><div class="tweet-text">Now that the DALL-E has been successfully midjourneyfied, it is becoming apparent that instead of simulating all possible ›styles‹, AI is fostering the emergence of a distinct visual style, born out of popular aesthetic preferences dominating platforms like DeviantArt
1/6 </div><div class="tweet-photos-container one"><div class="tweet-photo-wrapper "><source type="image/webp" /><img alt="Midjourney generated image, prompt: Cloud in a museum gallery" class="tweet-photo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_600,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.substack.com%2Fmedia%2FFqnahZxX0AIOvf2.jpg" /></div></div></a><a class="tweet-link-bottom" href="https://twitter.com/bildoperationen/status/1633082030178050048" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-footer"><span class="tweet-date">12:27 PM ∙ Mar 7, 2023</span><hr /><div class="tweet-ufi"><span class="likes" href="https://twitter.com/bildoperationen/status/1633082030178050048/likes"><span class="like-count">4,694</span>Likes</span><span class="retweets" href="https://twitter.com/bildoperationen/status/1633082030178050048/retweets"><span class="rt-count">547</span>Retweets</span></div></div></a></div><p>Now this is The Good Shit. If you click through the thread above from media researcher Roland Meyer, you’ll see a bunch of absolutely fascinating examples of a generalized AI art aesthetic. God, I am so into this idea. In fact, last month, I <a href="https://www.garbageday.email/i/104645467/whats-behind-the-weird-urge-to-replace-things-with-ai">wondered</a> if this exact thing might happen. Whether the human brain would start to notice all the hallmarks of generative-AI art and start to recognize it as a specific style. I mean, it only took us like six months to start to recognize “NFT art” as a specific look and feel. </p><p>Meyer defines the AI art aesthetic in a few ways, “fluffy glamor glow,” a “preference for contrasting warm earth tones with blue-greenish metallic colors,” and “symmetrical compositions or forced perspectives”. Meyer also touches on what I think is the coolest part of this though, which is that AI art is generated from millions of images on the web. Which means that we’re not just seeing the emergence of a shared aesthetic for AI art, but a shared aesthetic for digital art. </p><p>I’m also a big believer in the idea that to name something is effectively kill it. Or, at the very least, by naming it you sort of lock it in place. Which makes me wonder if generative-AI art is going to be looked back on as a revolution in art for a very different reason than AI evangelists think it will be. It’s basically going to make everyone want to make stuff that DOESN’T look like this.</p><p>Three other AI things that I wanted to flag before we move on. First, if you’re curious what a GPT-3 hackathon produces, <a href="https://twitter.com/nonmayorpete/status/1633175999469981697?s=12&t=GArJOEJ41SKT7sLfzFsugQ">here’s a good thread</a>. Second, Twitch is cracking down on deepfakes, banning the “promoting, creating, or sharing synthetic” non-consensual sexual content. As far as I know, this is <a href="https://safety.twitch.tv/s/article/Addressing-Explicit-Deepfake-Content?language=en_US">the hardest stance</a> any major platform has taken publicly so far. And, third, a company <a href="https://www.axios.com/local/cleveland/2023/03/07/ai-radio">hooked up ChatGPT</a> to a radio station. Just in case you needed a new job to add to the “replaced with an AI” list.</p><div><hr /></div><h2>Amazon’s Maybe Dropping NFTs Soon</h2><p>Several crypto news outlets are reporting that an Amazon NFT marketplace <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/amazon-nfts-real-world-assets-token">could launch</a> as soon as next month. Based on the rumors circulating, the NFTs would be purchased with whatever card you have on file with Amazon and they would be somehow tied to a physical good. You might be scratching your head as to why Amazon would be interested in this sort of thing, but I imagine it’s about building out more royalties for secondary sales on the platform. It’s one of the things NFTs are actually pretty good about, i.e., when you buy something tied to an Amazon NFT and then sell it (on Amazon) with the NFT, Amazon would, at least in theory, get a cut, as well.</p><p>Probably best not to think about how much of a huge buy-in this would require from users who probably don’t want to deal with any of this.</p><p>Maybe the guy <a href="https://twitter.com/johnlray/status/1632597058732392448?s=12&t=Yd5zemDNphPKPFKMoBZdwg">who spent $2.5 million</a> trying to recover a hard drive that, it turned out, had Bitcoin Cash on it instead of Bitcoin can get in on the ground floor of the Amazon NFTs.</p><div><hr /></div><h2>The <em>Naruto</em> Guy Is Still At It</h2><div class="youtube-wrap" id="youtube2-rxoJzxzHJ1A"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe height="409" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/rxoJzxzHJ1A?rel=0&autoplay=0&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=0" width="728"></iframe></div></div><p>Everyone’s <a href="https://www.garbageday.email/i/105447811/this-is-probably-the-best-look-at-how-generative-ai-works-ive-ever-seen">still upset</a> with the Corridor Crew for turning themselves into “an anime” with Stable Diffusion. Well, what about this absolute legend who is spending 150 days recreating a <em>Naruto</em> trailer shot by shot? </p><div><hr /></div><h2>Good Tweet</h2><div class="tweet"><a class="tweet-link-top" href="https://twitter.com/tomwalkerisgood/status/1631858550636179456" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-header"><img alt="Twitter avatar for @tomwalkerisgood" class="tweet-header-avatar" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/twitter_name/w_96/tomwalkerisgood.jpg" /><div class="tweet-header-text"><span class="tweet-author-name">TOM walker </span><span class="tweet-author-handle">@tomwalkerisgood</span></div></div><div class="tweet-text">hell yeah. just inherited an empire of dirt</div></a><a class="tweet-link-bottom" href="https://twitter.com/tomwalkerisgood/status/1631858550636179456" target="_blank"><div class="tweet-footer"><span class="tweet-date">3:26 AM ∙ Mar 4, 2023</span><hr /><div class="tweet-ufi"><span class="likes" href="https://twitter.com/tomwalkerisgood/status/1631858550636179456/likes"><span class="like-count">8,049</span>Likes</span><span class="retweets" href="https://twitter.com/tomwalkerisgood/status/1631858550636179456/retweets"><span class="rt-count">932</span>Retweets</span></div></div></a></div><div><hr /></div><h2>Some Stray Links</h2><ul><li><p><a href="https://defector.com/its-not-about-hypocrisy">“It’s Not About Hypocrisy”</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/us/politics/north-idaho-college-republicans.html">“The MAGA-fication of North Idaho College”</a></p></li></ul><div><hr /></div><p>P.S. here’s a <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Cof_Muioo3y/">good cat video</a>.</p><p><em>***Any typos in this email are on purpose actually***</em></p><br><br><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.substack.com%2Fmedia%2FFpGGPWhaIAc42n4.jpg" />Lisp-powered laptop with a battery life measured in years2023-03-09T08:25:42.133000ZGareth Halfacreehttps://www.hackster.io/news/andreas-eriksen-s-potatop-is-a-lisp-powered-laptop-with-a-battery-life-measured-in-years-2f5d79653f24<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
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<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://hackster.imgix.net/uploads/attachments/1567178/_60xasYnv15.blob?auto=compress%2Cformat&w=600&h=450&fit=min" /></div><p class="hckui__typography__bodyL">Norwegian software developer Andreas Eriksen has put together a laptop, of sorts, which boasts "a battery life measured in years" — and is programmed in Lisp for good measure: the PotatoP.</p><p class="hckui__typography__bodyL"><span>"The word 'Potato' is often used to describe an underpowered/poorly performing device. 'This video must have been filmed with a potato!' This device is intentionally underspecced to ensure long battery life," Eriksen explains of the project's unusual name. "The 'toP' suffix refers to the intended eventual laptop form factor. The suffix 'p' is used for LISP predicates — functions that return true or false, like '</span><code>evenp</code><span>' or '</span><code>primep</code><span>' for numbers. Is it a potato or not? It depends on your point of view!"</span></p><figure class="hckui__layout__marginTop30 hckui__layout__marginBottom30 hckui__layout__fullWidth"><figcaption class="hckui__typography__textCenter hckui__typography__pebble hckui__typography__bodyS hckui__layout__marginTop10">This sunlight-readable laptop prototype offers a two-year-plus battery life, with a little clever solar harvesting. (📹: Andreas Eriksen)</figcaption></figure><p class="hckui__typography__bodyL">The PotatoP prototype, which is more of a luggable than a traditional laptop, is built using exclusively low-power parts. Its heart is a SparkFun Artemis module, which has a single low-power Arm Cortex-M4F core running at up to 96MHz and Bluetooth 5.0 Low Energy (BLE) connectivity. On this, Eriksen runs a modified port of uLisp, a Lisp designed specifically with microcontrollers in mind, dubbed PotatOS.</p><p class="hckui__typography__bodyL">With portable computers, the display is often the most power-hungry component. To avoid draining too much power there, Eriksen has opted for a compact 4.4" SHARP Memory Display — a technology mid-way between ePaper and traditional liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that lacks a backlight and draws a minimum of power.</p><div><div class="image_carousel__container__1sUib undefined"><p><span>Eriksen is writing the software for the PotatoP himself, including a text editor and games. (📷: Andreas Eriksen)</span></p></div></div><p class="hckui__typography__bodyL">With a microcontroller heart and a low-power display, the resulting prototype is impressively energy efficient. With a 1.2Ah lithium-polymer battery inserted, and a small solar cell fitted to the right of the screen to top it up, Eriksen claims the prototype can run for "up to two years, depending on ambient light" — with a view to making the finished version operate indefinitely on ambient light harvesting alone.</p><p class="hckui__typography__bodyL"><span>More information on the project is available </span><a class="hckui__typography__linkBlue" href="https://hackaday.io/project/184340-potatop" rel="nofollow">on Eriksen's Hackaday.io page</a><span>, with the PotatOS source code </span><a class="hckui__typography__linkBlue" href="https://github.com/andreer/PotatoP/" rel="nofollow">published to GitHub</a><span> under the permissive MIT license.</span></p><p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>NASA, Axiom Space to Reveal Artemis Moon Mission Spacesuit2023-03-09T08:25:02.357000Zhttp://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-axiom-space-to-reveal-artemis-moon-mission-spacesuit<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/nasa-axiom-space-to-/6641210:68515f">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/6641210.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> NASA.</b>
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A spacesuit prototype of what NASA astronauts, including the first woman, plan to wear on the surface of the Moon during the agency’s Artemis III mission, is set for reveal during a televised event hosted by Axiom Space beginning at 10:30 a.m. EDT (9:30 a.m. CDT) Wednesday, March 15, from Space Center Houston in Texas.<br><br><img src="http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1x1_cardfeed/public/thumbnails/image/as11-40-5878_large.jpg?itok=LOUcGUCU" />Could we make the web more immersive using a simple optical illusion?2023-03-04T10:36:36.551000Zhttps://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/WonkaVision/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/could-we-make-the-we/6124077:49a185">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/6124077.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hacker News.</b>
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<p>In the history of mind-blowing tech demos there is one that stands out, and that is Johnny Lee’s Wii Remote hack to create VR displays:</p>
<p>
<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Jd3-eiid-Uw?modestbranding=1&showinfo=0&rel=0">[embedded content]</iframe>
</p>
<p>That video is from 2007, and yet the technology being shown is so impressive that it feels like it could have been made yesterday.</p>
<p>The response to Johnny’s demo was universal acclaim. He presented it at a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgKCrGvShZs&ab_channel=TED">TED talk</a> a year later, along with many other amazing hacks, and he went on to work on Microsoft’s Kinect and Google’s Project Tango.</p>
<p>Sadly, however, his VR display technique was never used by any Wii games or other commercial products that we know of.</p>
<p>Rewatching his demo earlier this year we wondered why his technique had not taken off. Everyone wanted to try it, but nobody ever did anything big with it.</p>
<p>We were also curious about whether we could implement his technique in the browser using only a webcam. We thought that if that was possible, it would make his technique accessible to everyone and it would open up a whole new world of interactive experiences on the web.</p>
<p>Imagine, for example, opening your favorite brand’s website and being presented with a miniature virtual storefront. You could look at their most popular products as if you were standing on a sidewalk peering into their shop.</p>
<p>That was enough to get us excited, so we got to work on solving this problem.</p>
<h2 id="3d-eye-tracking-with-a-webcam">3D eye tracking with a webcam</h2>
<p>The first thing that Johnny Lee’s technique requires is a way to calculate where your eyes are in world space with respect to the camera. In other words, you need a way to accurately say things like “your right eye is 20 centimeters to the right of the camera, 10 centimeters above it, and 50 centimeters in front of it.”</p>
<p>In Johnny’s case, he used the Wii Remote’s infrared camera and the LEDs on the Wii’s Sensor Bar to accurately determine the position of his head. In our case, we wanted to do the same but with a simple webcam.</p>
<p>After researching this problem for a while we came across Google’s <a href="https://google.github.io/mediapipe/solutions/iris.html">MediaPipe Iris</a> library, which is described as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>MediaPipe Iris is a ML solution for accurate iris estimation, able to track landmarks involving the iris, pupil and the eye contours using a single RGB camera, in real-time, without the need for specialized hardware. Through use of iris landmarks, the solution is also able to determine the metric distance between the subject and the camera with relative error less than 10%.</p>
<p>[…]</p>
<p>This is done by relying on the fact that the horizontal iris diameter of the human eye remains roughly constant at 11.7±0.5 mm across a wide population, along with some simple geometric arguments.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>That’s precisely what we needed, but there was one problem, however: MediaPipe Iris isn’t exposed to JavaScript yet, and we wanted our demo to run in the browser.</p>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/mediapipe_languages.PNG" /></p>
<p>We were really disappointed by this, but then we came across <a href="https://medium.com/@susanne.thierfelder/create-your-own-depth-measuring-tool-with-mediapipe-facemesh-in-javascript-ae90abae2362">this</a> blog post that explains how Google’s <a href="https://google.github.io/mediapipe/solutions/face_mesh.html">MediaPipe Face Mesh</a> library can also be used to measure the distance between the camera and the eyes.</p>
<p>Here’s a summary of how it’s done:</p>
<ul>
<li>MediaPipe Face Mesh detects four points for each iris: left, right, top and bottom.</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/eyes.PNG" /></p>
<ul>
<li>We know the distance in pixels between the left and right points, and we also know that the world-space distance between them must be roughly equal to 11.7 mm (the standard diameter of a human iris).</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/eyes_annotated.PNG" /></p>
<ul>
<li>Using those values and the intrinsic parameters of our webcam (the effective focal length in X and Y and the position of the principle point in X and Y) we can solve some simple pinhole camera model equations to determine the depth of the eyes in world space, and once we know their depth we can also calculate their X and Y positions.</li>
</ul>
<p>It sounds difficult, but it’s surprisingly easy to do.</p>
<p>The only problem then became how to calculate the intrinsic parameters of our webcam. The previous blog post also answered that for us by pointing us to <a href="https://nikatsanka.github.io/camera-calibration-using-opencv-and-python.html">this</a> blog post, which explains it as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>First you print out this checkerboard pattern and you tape it to a hard surface like a piece of cardboard:</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/checkerboard.png" /></p>
<ul>
<li>Then you take around 50 photos of it at different angles using your webcam.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Finally, you feed the photos to a Python script that uses OpenCV to detect the corners of the checkerboard pattern, which then allows it to calculate the intrinsic parameters of your webcam.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here you can see the eye tracking in action, with the world space positions of the eyes being displayed in the top left corner:</p>
<p>To validate that the depth values we were computing were correct we used MediaPipe’s DIY approach of taping a stick to a pair of glasses and then sliding our eyes along a big ruler towards the webcam:</p>
<p class="text-align-center"><img alt="_config.yml" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/glasses_and_ruler.JPG" />
<img alt="_config.yml" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/measurement_close_up.JPG" />
<img alt="_config.yml" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/measurement_screen.JPG" /></p>
<p>The results are accurate enough for our purposes, but they would definitely be better if we could use MediaPipe Iris instead of MediaPipe Face Mesh.</p>
<h2 id="turning-the-screen-into-a-virtual-window">Turning the screen into a virtual window</h2>
<p>With 3D eye tracking out of the way we then focused on implementing the actual optical illusion.</p>
<p>The easiest way to explain it is to start by looking at the screen that will be displaying the effect:</p>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/real_scene.JPG" /></p>
<p>We want the screen to behave like a window: what it displays should change depending on the angle at which we view it, and on the distance between it and our eyes.</p>
<p>To make that happen we first need to recreate the real world in our game engine.</p>
<p>Since the positions of our eyes are calculated relative to the webcam, we can assume that the origin of our virtual world is the webcam.</p>
<p>If we do that, this is what the virtual world looks like overlaid on top of the real one:</p>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/real_scene_3d.png" /></p>
<p>And this is what it looks like in our game engine:</p>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/virtual_scene.PNG" /></p>
<p>The pink rectangle defines the edges of the screen. It has the exact same dimensions as the real screen in centimeters. Even the distance between the origin of the world (the webcam) and the top edge of the screen is measured and accounted for.</p>
<p>You are probably wondering why it’s necessary to use the dimensions of the real world. Think about this way:</p>
<ul>
<li>Let’s say that MediaPipe calculates that your right eye is 20 centimeters to the right of the webcam, 10 centimeters above it, and 50 centimeters in front of it.</li>
<li>In our game engine we can then place a virtual camera at the exact position of your right eye (later on we will explain why we use the right eye or the left eye but not the midpoint between the eyes).</li>
<li>To have the screen behave like a window we need to pretend that it exists in the virtual world so that when the virtual camera looks at it, the angle and distance to it match those of the real world.</li>
</ul>
<p>This is difficult to put into words, but hopefully it makes sense. We are going after an optical illusion, and we need great precision to achieve it.</p>
<p>Now anything we put behind the virtual window will appear to have depth, and anything we put in front of it will appear to pop out of the screen.</p>
<p><img alt="_config.yml" class="centered" src="https://shopify.github.io/spatial-commerce-projects/images/wonkavision/virtual_scene_with_stuff.PNG" /></p>
<h2 id="on-axis-vs-off-axis-perspective-projection">On-axis VS. off-axis perspective projection</h2>
<p>At this point we have recreated the real world in our game engine, and we are using eye tracking to place a virtual camera at the position of our right eye.</p>
<p>There is only one major gotcha left to talk about, and that is the difference between on-axis and off-axis perspective projections.</p>
<p>If our virtual camera used a normal perspective projection (also known as an on-axis perspective projection), this is what the view frustum would look like:</p>
<p>As you can see, it’s a symmetric pyramid whose shape never changes. This is problematic because with this type of perspective projection, this is what we see on the computer screen when we move our head around:</p>
<p>As you can see, we are able to see beyond the edges of our window, and that’s not what we want at all.</p>
<p>Now take a look at what our camera’s view frustum would look like if we used an off-axis perspective projection matrix:</p>
<p>As you can see, it’s an asymmetric pyramid whose base is glued to the virtual window. Now this is what we see on the computer screen when we move our head around:</p>
<p>This is precisely the effect we are after. What we see changes based on our viewing angle and distance, but we never see beyond the edges of the virtual window.</p>
<p>If you are interested in learning more about off-axis perspective projections, <a href="http://160592857366.free.fr/joe/ebooks/ShareData/Generalized%20Perspective%20Projection.pdf">this</a> paper explains them better than we ever could.</p>
<h2 id="why-are-you-placing-the-virtual-camera-at-the-position-of-the-right-eye-or-the-left-eye-why-not-place-it-at-the-midpoint-between-the-eyes">Why are you placing the virtual camera at the position of the right eye or the left eye? Why not place it at the midpoint between the eyes?</h2>
<p>This is an important limitation of this technique that a lot of people don’t know about: for the optical illusion to work, you must place the virtual camera at the position of one of your eyes and close the other one. Otherwise, things don’t pop out of the screen or have the same feeling of depth.</p>
<p>To understand why that’s the case, think about how VR headsets work:</p>
<ul>
<li>They render the scene twice, once for each eye.</li>
<li>They present the separate renders to their corresponding eyes on separate screens.</li>
</ul>
<p>In our case, we only have one screen, so we need to choose one eye and render things from its perspective.</p>
<p>Placing the virtual camera at the midpoint between the eyes causes things to not look quite right for either eye, and this makes the optical illusion vanish.</p>
<p>Note, however, that it’s still a really fun effect if you use the midpoint between the eyes and keep both eyes open. It just doesn’t pop the same way.</p>
<p>In the end we achieved our goal of implementing Johnny Lee’s technique in the browser using only a webcam.</p>
<p>Here you can see our version of Johnny’s famous targets demo:</p>
<p>To record that video we held an IPad with the camera pressed as closely as possible to our right eye. It’s amazing how much the targets appear to pop out of the screen.</p>
<p>We also implemented a demo that’s more focused on showcasing depth and camera movement. You can see it there:</p>
<p>We thought it would be funny to have the zombie try to break out of the screen and get angry when he couldn’t. Imagine all the things that could be done with this technique in video games!</p>
<p>Finally, we implemented the virtual storefront demo that we proposed in the beginning of this post. You can see it here:</p>
<p>We decided to use Teenage Engineering’s <a href="https://teenage.engineering/products/op-1">OP-1 field</a> for this demo because it’s such a cool product.</p>
<p>It’s unbelievable how much it feels like the OP-1 field is floating out of the screen. It’s almost as if you could reach out and grab it.</p>
<p>That feeling of “reach out and grab it” is the reason why we started referring to this project internally as “WonkaVision”, as a homage to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvS3j8VtanM&ab_channel=Movieclips">this</a> famous scene from the original Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory movie in which Charlie reaches into a TV and pulls out a chocolate bar that has been sent through the air.</p>
<p>In the beginning of this post we asked ourselves:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Why did Johnny Lee’s technique never take off? Why wasn’t it implemented everywhere if everyone loved it?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>After jumping through all the technical hurdles required to make it work, we believe it never took off because:</p>
<ul>
<li>You need special hardware or the intrinsic parameters of your webcam, which are difficult to calculate correctly.</li>
<li>You need the physical dimensions of your screen, which can’t be queried even in modern web browsers.</li>
<li>You need to close one eye to go from “fun effect” to “stunning optical illusion.”</li>
</ul>
<p>Sadly, Johnny’s technique is simply not easily portable. We have it running in the browser as a website, but it only works with one particular screen and one particular webcam.</p>
<p>Unless it becomes possible to easily get the intrinsic parameters of any webcam, and the physical dimensions of any screen, this wonderful optical illusion will never go mainstream.</p>
<p>And even if all that becomes possible, will users be willing to close one eye to enjoy immersive experiences? That’s a question we can’t answer.</p>
<p>Despite our failure to ship this to a massive audience, we still think it’s important to take a step back and marvel at what’s currently possible in modern web browsers. Thanks to WebAssembly we can now load and run complex machine learning models by just clicking on a link. We can track eyes, faces, hands and so much more. We can even render beautiful scenes at smooth frame rates.</p>
<p>Maybe we can’t bring the magic of XR to people who don’t own headsets with Johnny’s technique, but there are so many other avenues left to explore.</p>
<p>It’s hard not to be excited about the future of the web right now.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>Defender Arcade Rebuilt to Settle a Childhood Memory2023-03-04T10:33:48.946000ZArya Voronovahttps://hackaday.com/2023/03/03/defender-arcade-rebuilt-to-settle-a-childhood-memory/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/defender-arcade-rebu/1493574:65590e">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="Showing the end result - a Defender machine copy in all its glory, with a colourful front panel with joysticks." class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="450" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/hadimg_defender_rebuild_feat.jpg?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>[Jason Winfield] had a nemesis: the <em>Defender</em> arcade machine. Having put quite a number of coins into one during his childhood, he’s since found himself as a seasoned maker, and decided to hold a rematch on his own terms. For this, he’s <a href="https://jasonwinfield.nz/defender-cocktail-table-gives-new-life-to-an-old-laptop/" target="_blank">recreated the machine from scratch,</a> building it around the guts of a Dell laptop, and he tells us the story what it took to build a new <em>Defender</em> in this day and age.</p>
<p><em>Defender</em> was a peculiar machine — it was in cocktail table format, unlike many other arcade machines of that period. From pictures, he’s redesigned the whole thing in Fusion 360, in a way more desk-friendly format, but just as fancy looking as before.</p>
<p><a href="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/defender_detail.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-579286" height="218" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/defender_detail.jpg?w=400" width="400" /></a>As for the laptop, gutting it for its mainboard, screen, and speakers was a surprisingly painless procedure — everything booted up first try. A few board-fitted brackets and a swap from a HDD to a USB flashdrive for the OS later, the electronics were ready. As he was redesigning the entire arcade machine anyway, the new design control panel was also trimmed down for ease of use, while preserving the original colorful look.</p>
<p>All in all, an impressive build from [Jason]. After all was set and done, we don’t doubt that he went on to, let’s say, settle some old scores. It’s not the first time we see a <a href="https://hackaday.com/2019/06/29/building-a-diy-desktop-sized-arcade-machine/">desktop-sized arcade cabinet,</a> and you gotta admire the skills making such a machine smaller while sticking to the old-timey aesthetic! Or, perhaps, would you like a cabinet <a href="https://hackaday.com/2021/11/14/arcade-machine-pack-and-play/">that’s more subtle?</a></p>
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<p><iframe class="youtube-player" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hP2AyyRsXhE?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en-US&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" style="border: 0;" width="800"></iframe></p>Will Carmakers Switch Clay for Computers?2023-03-04T10:33:39.072000ZAl Williamshttps://hackaday.com/2023/03/03/will-carmakers-switch-clay-for-computers/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/will-carmakers-switc/1493574:066338">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="348" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/car.png?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>The 3D printing revolution has transformed a lot of industries, but according to [Insider Business] the car industry still uses <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYHBCZdMlqw" target="_blank">clay modeling to make life-sized replicas of new cars</a>. The video below shows a fascinating glimpse of the process of taking foam and clay and making it look like a real car. Unlike the old days, they do use a milling machine to do some rough work on the model, but there’s still a surprising amount of manual work involved. Some of the older film clips in the video show how hard it was to do before the CNC machines.</p>
<p>The cost of these models isn’t cheap. They claim that some of the models have cost $650,000 to create. We assume most of that is in salaries. Some models take four years to complete and a ton of clay.</p>
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<p>A film over the clay makes the material look more like plastic or sheet metal. Modern model makers do use 3D printing to make pieces like headlights or logos. They also use 3D scanners to send the model’s shape to designers for feedback. Of course, if the designers make a change, the model must also change.</p>
<p>You’d think computer modeling would be sufficient, but apparently, there’s nothing like seeing the real thing. They also put the clay models in wind tunnels and use smoke wands to study air flow around the proposed vehicle shape. Maybe one day, they will use pure CAD rendering and VR goggles, but today, they are still paying clay modelers to make replicas.</p>
<p>Concept cars <a href="https://hackaday.com/2022/03/23/3d-printing-concept-car-parts/">have been using 3D printing</a> lately, too. Of course, if they ever do 3D print the entire car, they will have to assemble it from parts or <a href="https://hackaday.com/2022/02/28/3d-printering-giants/">get bigger printers</a>.</p>
<p><iframe class="youtube-player" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rYHBCZdMlqw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en-US&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" style="border: 0;" width="800"></iframe></p>Missing Finger Gets A Simple Yet Fancy Replacement2023-03-03T17:24:55.442000ZArya Voronovahttps://hackaday.com/2023/03/03/missing-finger-gets-a-simple-yet-fancy-replacement/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/missing-finger-gets-/1493574:b866f8">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="A cinematic shot of the resulting prosthetic finger attached to the glove" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="450" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/hadimg_finger_prosthetic_feat.jpeg?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>The possibility of a table saw accident is low, but never zero — and [Nerdforge] has lost a finger to this ever-useful but dangerous contraption. For a right-handed person, losing the left hand pinky might not sound like much, but the incident involved some nerve damage as well, making inaccessible a range of everyday motions we take for granted. For instance, holding a smartphone or a pile of small objects without dropping them. As a hacker, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVqa7j6jG0Q" target="_blank">[Nerdforge] decided to investigate</a> just how much she could do about it.</p>
<p>On Thingiverse, she’s hit a jackpot: a <a href="https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1340624" target="_blank">parametric prosthetic finger project by [Nicholas Brookins]</a>, and in no time, printed the first version in resin. The mechanics of the project are impressive in their simplicity — when you close your hand, the finger closes too. Meant to be as simple as possible, this project only requires a wrist mount and some fishing line. From there, what could she improve upon? Aside from some test fits, the new finger could use a better mounting system, it could stand looking better, and of course, it could use some lights.</p>
<p><a href="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/3dpfinger_detail2.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="alignright wp-image-579143" height="237" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/3dpfinger_detail2.jpg?w=800" width="445" /></a>For a start, [Nerdforge] redesigned the mount so that the finger would instead fasten onto a newly-fingerless glove, with a few plastic parts attached into that. Those plastic parts turned out to be a perfect spot for a CR2032 battery holder and a microswitch, wired up to a piece of LED filament inserted into the tip of the finger. As for the looks, some metal-finish paint was found to work wonders – moving the glove’s exterior from the “printed project” territory into the “futuristic movie prop” area.</p>
<p>The finger turned out to be a resounding success, restoring the ability to hold small objects in ways that the accident made cumbersome. It doesn’t provide much in terms of mechanical strength, but it wasn’t meant to do that. Now, [Nerdforge] has hacked back some of her hand’s features, and we have yet another success story for all the finger-deficient hackers among us. <a href="https://hackaday.com/2012/08/31/replacing-a-finger-or-an-arm-in-the-hacker-tradition/">Hacker-built prosthetics have been a staple of Hackaday</a>, with <a href="https://hackaday.com/2015/12/02/openbionics-fabs-prosthetics-as-unique-as-those-who-wear-them/">the OpenBionics project</a> in particular being a highlight of 2015 Hackaday Prize — an endearing demonstration of hackers’ resilience.</p>
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<p><iframe class="youtube-player" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZVqa7j6jG0Q?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en-US&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" style="border: 0;" width="800"></iframe></p>What AI Is Good For2023-03-03T17:22:58.910000ZJohn Scalzihttps://whatever.scalzi.com/2023/03/03/what-ai-is-good-for/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/what-ai-is-good-for/398325:6193f0">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/398325.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Whatever.</b>
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<p><strong>At the moment we’re all sort of freaking out about the uses of “AI” in text and art,</strong> because even as overhyped as it is, it’s still exhibiting some genuinely transformative skills it didn’t have even a year or two ago, and those skills will only get more refined as we go along. People should be curious, and concerned, about where this all goes and how it will affect them, even as they (hopefully) look beyond the hype, good and bad, about it.</p>
<p>With that said, I will say that one area where I am frequently delighted about the advances of “AI” and machine learning is in the realm of photography, where the current level of tools is working to make my photography better. Not by slathering TikTok/Snapchat-like filters on people, but by working to mitigate and minimize hardware issues with my camera. </p>
<p>For example, the picture above of Spice, which I took with my Nikon. I took the photo in low, natural light without a flash, and with my camera set to “auto.” The picture out of the camera has a lot of sensor noise to it, i.e., the speckles especially noticeable in solid colors that is often called “grain.” Grain is not a bad thing in itself — photographers often choose to have it for aesthetic effect — but when you don’t want it, it’s in the way. This picture of Spice does not benefit from it. There are historically a number of ways to mitigate grain in a photo, but if poorly used they will end up making a photo look plastic-y and featureless, which is the say the solution is just as bad as the problem.</p>
<p>But now there’s a new generation of photo plugins that use machine learning and “AI” to wipe out grain and have it look… pretty darn natural, by which I mean, like you took the photo with the correct amount of light to avoid sensor noise. It doesn’t <em>add </em>anything to the photo, and it doesn’t call attention to itself, it just helps make the photo look closer to what you hoped it would be when you took it. </p>
<p>Which is great! It means as a photographer, I have a little more flexibility in taking shots that will eventually look good, and it also means that I can extend the use of the camera/lens/etc that I use for photos before having to upgrade, which is awesome, because cameras and especially lenses aren’t cheap. Like any tool, these plugins can be misused and abused, and you can still go full plastic if you make an effort. Moreover some pictures still can’t be salvaged no matter how hard you try, even with plugins that also upscale and color correct and get rid of JPEG artifacts and so on. But in general, these sorts of tools make life better.</p>
<p>Which is the upside of “AI” and machine learning tools: Not to replace human creativity and effort, but to work with it and make it better, i.e., just like any other tool. I like that and want more of it across all my creative endeavors. I like tools that let me do <em>more</em>, not do it for me. </p>
<p>— JS</p>Low Power Challenge: Weather Station Runs for Months Thanks to E-Ink Display2023-02-21T12:08:28.422000ZRobin Keareyhttps://hackaday.com/2023/02/20/low-power-challenge-weather-station-runs-for-months-thanks-to-e-ink-display/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/low-power-challenge-/1493574:38a9cf">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="A weather station with an E-ink display" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="450" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/E-Ink-weather-station.jpg?w=800" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="800" /></div><p>Having a device in your living room that shows weather information is convenient, and building one of those is a great project if you enjoy tinkering with microcontrollers and environmental sensors. It’s also a great way to learn about low-power design, as [x-labz] demonstrated with their <a href="https://hackaday.io/project/189632-e-ink-weather-station-pumpkin-edition" target="_blank">e-ink weather station</a> which works for no less than 60 days on a single battery charge. It has a clear display that shows the local temperature and humidity, as well as the weather forecast for the day.</p>
<p>The display is a 4.2″ e-paper module with a resolution of 400 x 300 pixels. It uses just 26 mW of power for a few seconds while it updates its image, and basically zero watts when showing a static picture. It’s driven by a tiny ESP32C3 processor board, which downloads the weather forecast from <a href="https://www.weatherapi.com/" target="_blank">weatherapi.com</a> every two hours. The indoor climate is measured by an SHT-21 temperature and humidity sensor mounted behind the display, while the outdoor data is gathered by a WiFi-connected sensor installed on [x-labz]’s balcony.</p>
<p><a href="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/E-Ink-weather-station-inside.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="The inside of an e-ink powered weather station" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-577400" height="225" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/E-Ink-weather-station-inside.jpg?w=400" width="400" /></a>The key to achieving low power usage here is to keep the ESP32 in sleep mode as much as possible. The CPU briefly wakes up once every five minutes to read out the indoor sensor and once every fifteen minutes to gather data from outside, using the relatively power-hungry WiFi module.</p>
<p>To further reduce power consumption, the CPU core is driven at the lowest possible clock speed at all times: 10 MHz when reading the indoor sensor, and 80 MHz when using the WiFi connection. All of this helps ensure that just one 600 mAh lithium battery can keep everything running for those 60 days.</p>
<p>E-ink displays are perfect for text and simple graphics that don’t change too often, which is why they’re <a href="https://hackaday.com/2017/09/27/an-arduino-weather-station-with-an-e-ink-display/">very popular</a> in <a href="https://hackaday.com/2021/03/11/nrf52-weather-station-gives-forecast-with-style/">weather stations</a>. With a bit of tweaking though, LCDs can also be <a href="https://hackaday.com/2022/09/19/a-peppy-low-power-wall-mounted-display/">optimized for low power</a>.</p>
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</div></div></div>Linux 6.2: The first mainstream Linux kernel for Apple M1 chips arrives2023-02-21T12:07:34.054000ZSteven Vaughan-Nicholshttps://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-6-2-the-first-mainstream-linux-kernel-for-apple-m1-chips-arrives/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/linux-62-the-first-m/6124077:312636">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/6124077.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hacker News.</b>
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<figure class="c-shortcodeImage u-clearfix c-shortcodeImage-large c-shortcodeImage-hasCaption"><div class="c-shortcodeImage_imageContainer"><div class="c-shortcodeImage_image"><source alt="Asahi Linux with Apple GPU drivers." media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source alt="Asahi Linux with Apple GPU drivers." media="(max-width: 1023px)" /><source alt="Asahi Linux with Apple GPU drivers." media="(max-width: 1440px)" /> <img alt="Asahi Linux with Apple GPU drivers." height="720" src="https://www.zdnet.com/a/img/resize/3a149e7386761f6bef49887fca2a994782a8ffa0/2023/02/20/a47e561e-e086-4569-83c6-409f15242633/asahi-linux-with-apple-gpu-drivers.jpg?auto=webp&width=1280" width="1280" /></div> </div> <figcaption><div class="c-shortcodeImage_caption g-inner-spacing-right-small g-color-black"><div class="c-ShortcodeContent"><p>Thanks to Asahi Linux developers' work, Linux 6.2 is now ready to run on M1-powered Macs. </p></div></div> <span class="c-shortcodeImage_credit g-outer-spacing-top-xsmall u-block">Asahi Linux</span></figcaption></figure><p>Linux 6.2 was released yesterday, and <a href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2023/2/19/309" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Linus Torvalds described</a> the latest Linux kernel release as, "Maybe it's not a sexy LTS release like 6.1 ended up being, but all those regular pedestrian kernels want some test love too." </p><p>For once, I disagree with Torvalds. </p><p><strong>Also:</strong> <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-finally-authorizes-windows-11-on-apple-m1-and-m2-macs/" rel="follow"><strong>Microsoft finally authorizes Windows 11 on Apple M1 and M2 Macs</strong></a></p><p>By adding upstream support for the <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-m1-vs-m2/" rel="follow">Apple M1 Pro, M1 Max, and M1 Ultra</a> chips, newer Mac owners can look forward to running Linux on their M1-powered machines. And, for techies, that's sexy. </p><p>Getting Linux to run on the M1 family wasn't easy. </p><p>When these high-powered ARM chips first arrived, Torvalds told me in an exclusive interview that he'd like to <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-would-like-to-use-an-m1-mac-for-linux-but/" rel="follow">run Linux on these next-generation Macs</a>. But, while he'd been "waiting for an ARM laptop that can run Linux for a long time," he worried, saying, "The main problem with the M1 for me is the GPU and other devices around it because that's likely what would hold me off using it because it wouldn't have any Linux support unless Apple opens up."</p><p>Fortunately, <a href="https://asahilinux.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Asahi Linux</a>, with brilliant software engineer <a href="https://rosenzweig.io/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Alyssa Rosenzweig,</a> was up to the challenge. By July 31, 2022, <a href="https://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2207.3/07437.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Torvalds was pleased to announce</a> that after "waiting for a _loong_ time, [Linux on ARM and the M1 in specific was] finally reality, thanks to the Asahi team. We've had arm64 hardware around running Linux for a long time, but none of it has really been usable as a development platform until now."</p><p>Today, this support is finally ready for mainline Linux users. Of course, it's all experimental at this point, but it won't be for much longer. Linux 6.2 is expected to become Ubuntu 23.04's default kernel and to be included in Fedora 38 before the late April release of Linux 6.3.</p><p><strong>Also:</strong> <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/sparkylinux-is-a-no-frills-linux-distribution-anyone-can-use/" rel="follow"><strong>SparkyLinux is a no-frills Linux distribution anyone can use</strong></a></p><p>In the meantime, the 2022 <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-6-1-stable-lands-as-linus-torvalds-frets-over-a-frantic-pre-holidays-6-2-merge/" rel="follow">Long Term Support (LTS) kernel, Linux 6.1</a>, will continue to be maintained until at least the end of 2026. Fixes from the 6.2 release are expected to be back-ported to 6.1.</p><p>In addition, the Linux 6.2 kernel includes numerous features with contributions from companies such as Intel, AMD, Google, and Red Hat. Notable additions include stable support for <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/discrete-gpus/arc.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Intel Arc Graphics (DG2/Alchemist)</a> enabled out of the box and initial support for <a href="https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/graphics-cards/30-series/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Nvidia GeForce RTX 30 series</a> "Ampere" accelerated graphics with <a href="https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Nouveau open-source code</a>. The Linux 6.2 kernel also includes updated drivers. This includes support for Sony DualShock 4 gamepads, sensors, and fans in the OneXPlayer gaming handheld, Habana Labs' Gaudi2 AI accelerator, and Asus motherboards. </p><p>This new kernel also includes <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/8735ezye00.ffs@tglx/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Call Depth Tracking</a> to help improve performance on older Intel Skylake-era PCs, along with various file-system driver enhancements and security improvements. In addition to new hardware support, the <a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/ntfs3.html" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">NTFS3 file kernel driver</a> has also been improved and updated with new mount options.</p><p><strong>Also:</strong> <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-install-linux-on-your-raspberry-pi/" rel="follow"><strong>How to install Linux on your Raspberry Pi</strong></a></p><p>Overall, the Linux 6.2 kernel offers significant new hardware enablement and features. But, the real news, as far as I'm concerned, is the M1 support. This is a game changer for Linux Mac users.</p><p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>Pyrrhonism2023-02-21T12:06:27.618000Zhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/pyrrhonism/6124077:395bba">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/6124077.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hacker News.</b>
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<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #89CFF0;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyrrhonism" title="Category:Pyrrhonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #89CFF0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyrrhonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philosopher,_marble_head,_Roman_copy,_AM_Corfu,_Krfm22.jpg"><img alt="Philosopher, marble head, Roman copy, AM Corfu, Krfm22.jpg" height="126" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Philosopher%2C_marble_head%2C_Roman_copy%2C_AM_Corfu%2C_Krfm22.jpg/97px-Philosopher%2C_marble_head%2C_Roman_copy%2C_AM_Corfu%2C_Krfm22.jpg" width="97" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Pyrrhonists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">Acatalepsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">Aporia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">Epoché</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiric_school" title="Empiric school">Empiric school</a>
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Mates" title="Benson Mates">Benson Mates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogelin" title="Robert Fogelin">Robert Fogelin</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p><b>Pyrrhonism</b> is an Ancient Greek school of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical skepticism</a> which rejects dogma and advocates the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_judgement" title="Suspension of judgement">suspension of judgement</a> over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> of all beliefs. It was founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a> in the first century BCE, and said to have been inspired by the teachings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a> in the fourth century BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Academic-1">[1]</a></sup> Pyrrhonism is best known today through the surviving works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>, writing in the late second century or early third century CE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The publication of Sextus' works in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> ignited a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Skepticism's_revival_in_the_sixteenth_century" title="Philosophical skepticism">revival of interest in Skepticism</a> and played a major role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> thought and the development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">early modern philosophy</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<p>Pyrrhonism is named after <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrho_of_Elis" title="Pyrrho of Elis">Pyrrho of Elis</a>, a Greek <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> in the 4th century BCE who was credited by the later Pyrrhonists with forming the first comprehensive school of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skeptical thought</a>. However, ancient testimony about the philosophical beliefs of the historical Pyrrho is minimal, and often contradictory:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Academic-1">[1]</a></sup> his teachings were recorded by his student <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a>, but those works have been lost, and only survive in fragments quoted by later authors, and based on testimonies of later authors such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, Pyrrho's own philosophy as recorded by Timon may have been much more dogmatic than that of the later school who bore his name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Academic-1">[1]</a></sup> While Pyrrhonism would become the dominant form of skepticism in the early Roman period, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a> was the primary advocate of skepticism until the mid-first century BCE,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> when Pyrrhonism as a philosophical school was founded by Aenesidemus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Academic-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h2>
<p>As with other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophies</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a> is the goal of Pyrrhonism. As with Epicureanism, Pyrrhonism places the attainment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">ataraxia</a> (a state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">equanimity</a>) as the way to achieve eudaimonia. Pyrrhonists dispute that the dogmatists – which includes all of Pyrrhonism's rival philosophies – claim to have found <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> regarding non-evident matters, and that these opinions about non-evident matters (i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>) are what prevent one from attaining eudaimonia. For any of these dogma, a Pyrrhonist makes arguments for and against such that the matter cannot be concluded, thus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_judgment" title="Suspension of judgment">suspending judgement</a>, and thereby inducing ataraxia.
</p><p>Pyrrhonists can be subdivided into those who are <b>ephectic</b> (engaged in suspension of judgment), <b>aporetic</b> (engaged in refutation)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> or <b>zetetic</b> (engaged in seeking).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> An ephectic merely suspends judgment on a matter, "balancing perceptions and thoughts against one another,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0a_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:0a-7">[7]</a></sup> It is a less aggressive form of skepticism, in that sometimes "suspension of judgment evidently just happens to the sceptic".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup> An aporetic skeptic, in contrast, works more actively towards their goal, engaging in the refutation of arguments in favor of various possible beliefs in order to reach <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">aporia</a>, an impasse, or state of perplexity,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1a_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:1a-9">[9]</a></sup> which leads to suspension of judgement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_8-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup> The zetetic, finally claims to be continually searching for the truth but to have thus far been unable to find it, and thus continues to suspend belief while also searching for reason to cease the suspension of belief.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modes">Modes</span></h3>
<p>Although Pyrrhonism's objective is ataraxia, it is best known for its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> arguments. The core practice is through setting argument against argument. To aid in this, the Pyrrhonist philosophers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa</a> developed sets of stock arguments known as "modes" or "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)" title="Trope (philosophy)">tropes</a>."
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_ten_modes_of_Aenesidemus">The ten modes of Aenesidemus</span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a> is considered the creator of <i>the ten tropes of Aenesidemus</i> (also known as <i>the ten modes of Aenesidemus</i>)—although whether he invented the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)" title="Trope (philosophy)">tropes</a> or just systematized them from prior Pyrrhonist works is unknown. The tropes represent reasons for suspension of judgment. These are as follows:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<ol><li>Different animals manifest different modes of perception;</li>
<li>Similar differences are seen among individual men;</li>
<li>For the same man, information perceived with the senses is self-contradictory</li>
<li>Furthermore, it varies from time to time with physical changes</li>
<li>In addition, this data differs according to local relations</li>
<li>Objects are known only indirectly through the medium of air, moisture, etc.</li>
<li>These objects are in a condition of perpetual change in colour, temperature, size and motion</li>
<li>All perceptions are relative and interact one upon another</li>
<li>Our impressions become less critical through repetition and custom</li>
<li>All men are brought up with different beliefs, under different laws and social conditions</li></ol>
<p>According to Sextus, superordinate to these ten modes stand three other modes: that based on the subject who judges (modes 1, 2, 3 & 4), that based on the object judged (modes 7 & 10), that based on both subject who judges and object judged (modes 5, 6, 8 & 9), and superordinate to these three modes is the mode of relation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_five_modes_of_Agrippa">The five modes of Agrippa</span></h3>
<p>These "tropes" or "modes" are given by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> in his <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i>. According to Sextus, they are attributed only "to the more recent skeptics" and it is by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> that we attribute them to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-diog1_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-diog1-12">[12]</a></sup> The <i>five tropes of Agrippa</i> are:
</p>
<ol><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a></i> – The uncertainty demonstrated by the differences of opinions among philosophers and people in general.</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument" title="Regress argument">Infinite regress</a></i> – All proof rests on matters themselves in need of proof, and so on to infinity.</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relation</a></i> – All things are changed as their relations become changed, or, as we look upon them from different points of view.</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Assumption</a></i> – The truth asserted is based on an unsupported assumption.</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">Circularity</a></i> – The truth asserted involves a circularity of proofs.</li></ol>
<blockquote><p> According to the mode deriving from dispute, we find that undecidable dissension about the matter proposed has come about both in ordinary life and among philosophers. Because of this we are not able to choose or to rule out anything, and we end up with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">suspension of judgement</a>. In the mode deriving from infinite regress, we say that what is brought forward as a source of conviction for the matter proposed itself needs another such source, which itself needs another, and so <i>ad infinitum</i>, so that we have no point from which to begin to establish anything, and suspension of judgement follows. In the mode deriving from relativity, as we said above, the existing object appears to be such-and-such relative to the subject judging and to the things observed together with it, but we suspend judgement on what it is like in its nature. We have the mode from hypothesis when the Dogmatists, being thrown back <i>ad infinitum</i>, begin from something which they do not establish but claim to assume simply and without proof in virtue of a concession. The reciprocal mode occurs when what ought to be confirmatory of the object under investigation needs to be made convincing by the object under investigation; then, being unable to take either in order to establish the other, we suspend judgement about both.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>With reference to these five tropes, that the first and third are a short summary of the earlier Ten Modes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-diog1_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-diog1-12">[12]</a></sup> The three additional ones show a progress in the Pyrrhonist system, building upon the objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion to more abstract and metaphysical grounds. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Brochard" title="Victor Brochard">Victor Brochard</a> "the five tropes can be regarded as the most radical and most precise formulation of skepticism that has ever been given. In a sense, they are still irresistible today."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criteria_of_action">Criteria of action</span></h3>
<p>Pyrrhonist decision making is made according to what the Pyrrhonists describe as the <i>criteria of action</i> holding to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasiai" title="Phantasiai">appearances</a>, without beliefs in accord with the ordinary regimen of life based on:
</p>
<ol><li>the guidance of nature, by which we are naturally capable of sensation and thought</li>
<li>the compulsion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">passions</a> by which hunger drives us to food and thirst makes us drink</li>
<li>the handing down of customs and laws by which we accept that piety in the conduct of life is good and impiety bad</li>
<li>instruction in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techne" title="Techne">techne</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Skeptic_sayings">Skeptic sayings</span></h3>
<p>The Pyrrhonists devised several sayings (Greek ΦΩΝΩΝ) to help practitioners bring their minds to suspend judgment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Among these are:
</p>
<ul><li>Not more, nothing more (a saying attributed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>)</li>
<li>Non-assertion (<i>aphasia</i>)</li>
<li>Perhaps, it is possible, maybe</li>
<li>I withhold assent</li>
<li>I determine nothing (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaigne" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> created a variant of this as his own personal motto, "Que sçay-je?" – "what do I know?")</li>
<li>Everything is indeterminate</li>
<li>Everything is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">non-apprehensible</a></li>
<li>I do not apprehend</li>
<li>To every argument an equal argument is opposed</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Texts">Texts</span></h2>
<p>Except for the works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>, the texts of ancient Pyrrhonism have been lost. There is a summary of the <i>Pyrrhonian Discourses</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a>, preserved by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a>, and a brief summary of Pyrrho's teaching by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocles_of_Messene" title="Aristocles of Messene">Aristocles</a>, quoting Pyrrho's student <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon</a> preserved by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>:
</p>
<blockquote><p>'The things themselves are equally indifferent, and unstable, and indeterminate, and therefore neither our senses nor our opinions are either true or false. For this reason then we must not trust them, but be without opinions, and without bias, and without wavering, saying of every single thing that it no more is than is not, or both is and is not, or neither is nor is not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence">Influence</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Ancient_Greek_philosophy">In Ancient Greek philosophy</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 332px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_Athens_Skeptics.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="202" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/School_of_Athens_Skeptics.jpg/330px-School_of_Athens_Skeptics.jpg" width="330" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Skeptics in Raphael's School of Athens painting. Pyrrho is #4 and Timon #5</div></div></div>
<p>Pyrrhonism is often contrasted with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skepticism</a>, a similar but distinct form of Hellenistic philosophical skepticism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_8-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_19-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thorsrud_2009_20-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Thorsrud_2009-20">[20]</a></sup> While early Academic skepticism was influenced in part by Pyrrho,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> it grew more and more dogmatic until <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a> broke with the Academics to revive Pyrrhonism in the first century BCE, denouncing the Academy as "Stoics fighting against Stoics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>" Some later Pyrrhonists, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>, go so far as to claim that Pyrrhonists are the only real skeptics, dividing all philosophy into the dogmatists, the Academics, and the skeptics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_19-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a></sup> Dogmatists claim to have knowledge, Academic skeptics claim that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">knowledge is impossible</a>, while Pyrrhonists assent to neither proposition, suspending judgment on both.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_8-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_19-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The second century Roman historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> describes the distinction as "...the Academics apprehend (in some sense) the very fact that nothing can be apprehended, and they determine (in some sense) that nothing can be determined, whereas the Pyrrhonists assert that not even that seems to be true, since nothing seems to be true.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thorsrud_2009_20-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Thorsrud_2009-20">[20]</a></sup>"
</p><p>Sextus Empiricus also said that the Pyrrhonist school influenced and had substantial overlap with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiric_school" title="Empiric school">Empiric school</a> of medicine, but that Pyrrhonism had more in common with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodic_school" title="Methodic school">Methodic school</a> in that it "follow[s] the appearances and take[s] from these whatever seems expedient."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> mentions that Pyrrhonism had died out at the time of his writings, other writers mention the existence of later Pyrrhonists. Pseudo-Clement, writing around the same time (c. 300-320 CE) mentions Pyrrhonists in his <i>Homilies</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a> even reports a Pyrrhonist named Uranius as late as the middle of the 6th century CE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Indian_philosophy">Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Indian philosophy</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 262px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagarjuna_with_84_mahasiddha_cropped.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="325" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nagarjuna_with_84_mahasiddha_cropped.jpg/260px-Nagarjuna_with_84_mahasiddha_cropped.jpg" width="260" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Nagarjuna, a Madhyamaka Buddhist philosopher whose skeptical arguments are similar to those preserved in the work of Sextus Empiricus</div></div></div>
<p>A number of similarities have been noted between the Pyrrhonist works of Sextus Empiricius and that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> philosopher from the 2nd or 3rd century CE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conze_29-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Conze-29">[29]</a></sup> Buddhist philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Westerhoff" title="Jan Westerhoff">Jan Westerhoff</a> says "many of Nāgārjuna's arguments concerning causation bear strong similarities to classical sceptical arguments as presented in the third book of Sextus Empiricus's <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i>,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a> suspects that Nagarjuna may have been influenced by Greek Pyrrhonist texts imported into India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thomas_McEvilley_pp499-505_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Thomas_McEvilley_pp499-505-31">[31]</a></sup> McEvilley argues for mutual iteration in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_logic" title="Buddhist logic">Buddhist logico-epistemological traditions</a> between Pyrrhonism and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamika" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>An extraordinary similarity, that has long been noticed, between Pyrrhonism and Mādhyamika is the formula known in connection with Buddhism as the fourfold negation (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></i>) and which in Pyrrhonic form might be called the fourfold indeterminacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>McEvilley also notes a correspondence between the Pyrrhonist and Madhyamaka views about truth, comparing Sextus' account<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> of two criteria regarding truth, one which judges between reality and unreality, and another which we use as a guide in everyday life. By the first criteria, nothing is either true or false, but by the second, information from the senses may be considered either true or false for practical purposes. As Edward Conze<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> has noted, this is similar to the Madhyamika <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Truths_doctrine" title="Two Truths doctrine">Two Truths doctrine</a>, a distinction between "Absolute truth" (<i>paramārthasatya</i>), "the knowledge of the real as it is without any distortion,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_35-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Conze_1959:_p._244-35">[35]</a></sup> and "Truth so-called" (<i>saṃvṛti satya</i>), "truth as conventionally believed in common parlance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_35-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Conze_1959:_p._244-35">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MacedonEmpire.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="191" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/400px-MacedonEmpire.jpg" width="400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Map of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s empire and the route he and Pyrrho took to India</div></div></div>
<p>Some scholars have also looked farther back, to determine if any earlier Indian philosophy may have had an influence on Pyrrho. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>' biography of Pyrrho reports that Pyrrho traveled with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s army to India and incorporated what he learned from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">Gymnosophists</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> that he met in his travels into his philosophical system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Pyrrho would have spent about 18 months in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> as part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s court during Alexander's conquest of the east.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher I. Beckwith</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> draws comparisons between the Buddhist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a> and the concepts outlined in the "Aristocles Passage".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, other scholars, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> and Charles Goodman<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> question Beckwith's conclusions about the degree of Buddhist influence on Pyrrho. Conversely, while critical of Beckwith's ideas, Kuzminsky sees credibility in the hypothesis that Pyrrho was influenced by Buddhism, even if it cannot be safely ascertained with our current information.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adr_43-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Adr-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>While discussing Christopher Beckwith's claims in <i>Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</i>, Jerker Blomqvist states that:
</p>
<blockquote><p>On the other hand, certain elements that are generally regarded as essential features of Buddhism are entirely absent from ancient Pyrrhonism/scepticism. The concepts of good and bad karma must have been an impossibility in the Pyrrhonist universe, if "things" were ἀδιάφορα, 'without a logical self-identity', and, consequently, could not be differentiated from each other by labels such as 'good' and 'bad' or 'just' and 'unjust'. A doctrine of rebirth, reminiscent of the Buddhist one, though favored by Plato and Pythagoras, was totally alien to the Pyrrhonists. The ἀταραξία, 'undisturbedness', that the Pyrrhonists promised their followers, may have a superficial resemblance to the Buddhist nirvana, but ἀταραξία, unlike nirvana, did not involve a liberation from a cycle of reincarnation; rather, it was a mode of life in this world, blessed with μετριοπάθεια, 'moderation of feeling' or 'moderate suffering', not with the absence of any variety of pain. Kuzminski, whom Beckwith hails as a precursor of his, had largely ignored the problem with this disparity between Buddhism and Pyrrhonism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a>, which upheld <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_skepticism" title="Radical skepticism">radical skepticism</a>, may have been a more powerful influence on Pyrrho than Buddhism. The Buddhists referred to Ajñana's adherents as <i>Amarāvikkhepikas</i> or "eel-wrigglers", due to their refusal to commit to a single doctrine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Scholars including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Barua</a>, Jayatilleke, and Flintoff, contend that Pyrrho was influenced by, or at the very least agreed with, Indian skepticism rather than Buddhism or Jainism, based on the fact that he valued <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">ataraxia</a>, which can be translated as "freedom from worry".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua1921299_46-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua1921299-46">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963129–130_47-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963129%E2%80%93130-47">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintoff1980_48-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintoff1980-48">[48]</a></sup> Jayatilleke, in particular, contends that Pyrrho may have been influenced by the first three schools of Ajñana, since they too valued freedom from worry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963130_49-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963130-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern">Modern</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance_scales_symbol.svg"><img class="thumbimage" height="224" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Balance_scales_symbol.svg/220px-Balance_scales_symbol.svg.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_scales" title="Balance scales">Balance scales</a> in equal balance are a modern symbol of Pyrrhonism</div></div></div>
<p>The recovery and publication of the works of Sextus Empiricus, particularly a widely influential translation by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Estienne" title="Henri Estienne">Henri Estienne</a> published in 1562,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Popkin_2003-50">[50]</a></sup> ignited a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Skepticism's_revival_in_the_sixteenth_century" title="Philosophical skepticism">revival of interest in Pyrrhonism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Popkin_2003-50">[50]</a></sup> played a major role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> thought. Historical Pyrrhonism emerged during the early modern period and played a significant role in shaping modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, by questioning the possibility of any absolute knowledge from the past and transforming later historians' selection of and standard for reliable sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Philosophers of the time used his works to source their arguments on how to deal with the religious issues of their day. Major philosophers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> later drew on the model of Pyrrhonism outlined in Sextus Empiricus' works for their own arguments. This resurgence of Pyrrhonism has sometimes been called the beginning of modern philosophy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Popkin_2003-50">[50]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaigne" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> adopted the image of a balance scale for his motto,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> which became a modern symbol of Pyrrhonism. It has also been suggested that Pyrrhonism provided the skeptical underpinnings that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> drew from in developing his influential method of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Cartesian doubt</a> and the associated turn of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">early modern philosophy</a> towards <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-Popkin_2003-50">[50]</a></sup> In the 18th century, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> was also considerably influenced by Pyrrhonism, using "Pyrrhonism" as a synonym for "skepticism."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 148px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Nietzsche-1872.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Friedrich_Nietzsche-1872.jpg/146px-Friedrich_Nietzsche-1872.jpg" width="146" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">Nietzsche was critical of Pyrrhonian ephectics.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, however, criticized the "ephetics" of the Pyrrhonists as a flaw of early philosophers, who he characterized as "shy little blunderer[s] and milquetoast[s] with crooked legs" prone to overindulging "his doubting drive, his negating drive, his wait-and-see ('ephectic') drive, his analytical drive, his exploring, searching, venturing drive, his comparing, balancing drive, his will to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)" title="Neutrality (philosophy)">neutrality</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a>, his will to every <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_ira_et_studio" title="Sine ira et studio">sine ira et studio</a></i>: have we already grasped that for the longest time they all went against the first demands of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary">Contemporary</span></h3>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a> is a modern, fundamental perspective of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, as put forth by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, that all knowledge is, at best, an approximation, and that any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> always must stipulate this in her or his research and findings. It is, in effect, a modernized extension of Pyrrhonism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Indeed, historic Pyrrhonists sometimes are described by modern authors as fallibilists and modern fallibilists sometimes are described as Pyrrhonists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term "neo-Pyrrhonism" is used to refer to modern Pyrrhonists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Mates" title="Benson Mates">Benson Mates</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogelin" title="Robert Fogelin">Robert Fogelin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophasis" title="Apophasis">Apophasis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure (philosophy)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia" title="De Docta Ignorantia">De Docta Ignorantia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivialism" title="Trivialism">Trivialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hedgehog_and_the_Fox" title="The Hedgehog and the Fox">The Hedgehog and the Fox</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy">List of unsolved problems in philosophy</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Bloomsbury_Academic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Academic_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLong1996">Long, A. A. (12 September 1996). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HFFSAAACAAJ" rel="nofollow"><i>Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–76. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-1238-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-1238-5">978-0-7156-1238-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Philosophy%3A+Stoics%2C+Epicureans%2C+Sceptics&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1996-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-1238-5&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5HFFSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPopkin,_Richard_Henry2003">Popkin, Richard Henry (2003). <i>The history of scepticism : from Savonarola to Bayle</i>. Popkin, Richard Henry, 1923- (Rev. and expanded ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198026714" title="Special:BookSources/0198026714">0198026714</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65192690" rel="nofollow">65192690</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+scepticism+%3A+from+Savonarola+to+Bayle&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65192690&rft.isbn=0198026714&rft.au=Popkin%2C+Richard+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThorsrud2009">Thorsrud, Harald (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow"><i>Ancient scepticism</i></a>. Stocksfield [U.K.]: Acumen. pp. 120–121. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3">978-1-84465-409-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow">715184861</a>. <q>Pyrrhonism, in whatever form it might have taken after Timon's death in 230 BCE, was utterly neglected until Aenesidemus brought it back to public attention</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+scepticism&rft.place=Stocksfield+%5BU.K.%5D&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715184861&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-409-3&rft.aulast=Thorsrud&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F715184861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Marchand, "Sextus Empiricus' Style Of Writing", in <i>New Essays on Ancient Pyrrhonism</i>, p 113</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPulleyn1830">Pulleyn, William (1830). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicalcom00pullgoog" rel="nofollow"><i>The Etymological Compendium, Or, Portfolio of Origins and Inventions</i></a>. T. Tegg. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicalcom00pullgoog/page/n411" rel="nofollow">353</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymological+Compendium%2C+Or%2C+Portfolio+of+Origins+and+Inventions&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=T.+Tegg&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Pulleyn&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymologicalcom00pullgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBett2010">Bett, Richard Arnot Home (28 January 2010). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Ancient+Scepticism&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard+Arnot+Home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:0a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBett2010">Bett, Richard Arnot Home (28 January 2010). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 213.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Ancient+Scepticism&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard+Arnot+Home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKlein2015">Klein, Peter (2015). <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism/#TwoBasForPhiSke" rel="nofollow">"Skepticism"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725160127/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism/#TwoBasForPhiSke" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Skepticism&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fskepticism%2F%23TwoBasForPhiSke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:1a_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcInerny1969">McInerny, Ralph (1969). <i>A History of Western Philosophy, Volume 2</i>. Aeterna Press. pp. Chp III. Skeptics and the New Academy, A. Pyrrho of Elis section, para 3–4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=Chp+III.+Skeptics+and+the+New+Academy%2C+A.+Pyrrho+of+Elis+section%2C+para+3-4&rft.pub=Aeterna+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=McInerny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aenesidemus" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aenesidemus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=257-258&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i>, Trans. R.G. Bury, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1933, pp. 25–27</span>
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<li id="cite_note-diog1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-diog1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-diog1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, ix.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, <i>Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis</i> i., from Annas, J., <i>Outlines of Scepticism</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. (2000).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brochard, V., <i>The Greek Skeptics</i>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i> Book I Chapter 11 Section 23</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i> Book I Chapter 18</span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i> Book II Chapter 30</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEusebius">Eusebius. <a class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_14_book14.htm" rel="nofollow">"Praeparatio Evangelica Book XIV"</a>. <i>Tertullian Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tertullian+Project&rft.atitle=Praeparatio+Evangelica+Book+XIV&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Feusebius_pe_14_book14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-:1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSextus1990">Sextus, Empiricus (1990). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23367477" rel="nofollow"><i>Outlines of pyrrhonism</i></a>. Robert Gregg Bury. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-597-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-597-0">0-87975-597-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23367477" rel="nofollow">23367477</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+pyrrhonism&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23367477&rft.isbn=0-87975-597-0&rft.aulast=Sextus&rft.aufirst=Empiricus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F23367477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Thorsrud_2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Thorsrud_2009_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Thorsrud_2009_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThorsrud2009">Thorsrud, Harald (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow"><i>Ancient scepticism</i></a>. Stocksfield [U.K.]: Acumen. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3">978-1-84465-409-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow">715184861</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+scepticism&rft.place=Stocksfield+%5BU.K.%5D&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715184861&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-409-3&rft.aulast=Thorsrud&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F715184861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThorsrud2009">Thorsrud, Harald (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow"><i>Ancient scepticism</i></a>. Stocksfield [U.K.]: Acumen. p. 45. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3">978-1-84465-409-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow">715184861</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+scepticism&rft.place=Stocksfield+%5BU.K.%5D&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715184861&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-409-3&rft.aulast=Thorsrud&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F715184861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThorsrud2009">Thorsrud, Harald (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow"><i>Ancient scepticism</i></a>. Stocksfield [U.K.]: Acumen. pp. 102–103. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-409-3">978-1-84465-409-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715184861" rel="nofollow">715184861</a>. <q>Aenesidemus criticized his fellow Academics for being dogmatic...Aenesidemus committed his scepticism to writing probably some time in the early-to-mid first century BCE...leading Aenesidemus to dismiss them as "Stoics fighting against Stoics."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+scepticism&rft.place=Stocksfield+%5BU.K.%5D&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=Acumen&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715184861&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-409-3&rft.aulast=Thorsrud&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F715184861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPopkin1995">Popkin, Richard (1995). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32272442" rel="nofollow"><i>The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy</i></a>. Robert Audi. Cambridge. p. 741. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40224-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40224-7">0-521-40224-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32272442" rel="nofollow">32272442</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+dictionary+of+philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=741&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32272442&rft.isbn=0-521-40224-7&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32272442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGellius2008">Gellius, Aulus (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/635311697" rel="nofollow"><i>Noctes Atticae</i></a>. Josef Feix (3. Dr ed.). Paderborn: Schöningh. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-14-010714-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-14-010714-3">978-3-14-010714-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/635311697" rel="nofollow">635311697</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noctes+Atticae&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.edition=3.+Dr&rft.pub=Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635311697&rft.isbn=978-3-14-010714-3&rft.aulast=Gellius&rft.aufirst=Aulus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F635311697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.237, trans. Etheridge (Scepticism, Man, and God, Wesleyan University Press, 1964, p. 98).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epistles</i> lxxxix 301C</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Clement, <i>Homilies</i>, 13.7</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a> II 29-32, cited in Jonathan Barnes, <i>Mantissa</i> 2015 p. 652</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Conze-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Conze_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conze, Edward. <a class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/conze2.htm" rel="nofollow">Buddhist Philosophy and Its European Parallels</a>. Philosophy East and West 13, p.9-23, no.1, January 1963. University press of Hawaii.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Westerhoff" title="Jan Westerhoff">Jan Westerhoff</a> <i>Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195384962" title="Special:BookSources/0195384962">0195384962</a> 2009 p93</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Thomas_McEvilley_pp499-505-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Thomas_McEvilley_pp499-505_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas McEvilley, <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i> 2002 pp499-505</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i>. Allworth Communications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5">1-58115-203-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought&rft.pub=Allworth+Communications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58115-203-5&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span>, p.495</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i>, II.14–18; <i>Anthologia Palatina</i> (Palatine Anthology), VII. 29–35, and elsewhere</span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conze 1959, pp. 140–141</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Conze_1959:_p._244-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conze (1959: p. 244)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i>. Allworth Communications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5">1-58115-203-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought&rft.pub=Allworth+Communications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58115-203-5&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span>, p. 474</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" /> <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLaërtius1925"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book IX#Pyrrho"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_IX#Pyrrho">"Others: Pyrrho" </a></span>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i>. Vol. 2:9. Translated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Others%3A+Pyrrho&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Kuzminski, <i>Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism</i> 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBeckwith2015">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 28. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328">9781400866328</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs10500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBettZalta2014">Bett, Richard; Zalta, Edward (Winter 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/pyrrho" rel="nofollow">"Pyrrho"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Pyrrho&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Zalta%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2014%2Fentries%2Fpyrrho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a> "Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's encounter with early Buddhism in central Asia", <i>Contemporary Buddhism</i>, 2016, pp 195-215</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Goodman, "Neither Scythian nor Greek: A Response to Beckwith's Greek Buddha and Kuzminski's "Early Buddhism Reconsidered"", <i>Philosophy East and West</i>, University of Hawai'i Press Volume 68, Number 3, July 2018 pp. 984-1006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Adr-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Adr_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKuzminski2021">Kuzminski, Adrian (2021). <i>Pyrrhonian Buddhism: A Philosophical Reconstruction</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000350074" title="Special:BookSources/9781000350074">9781000350074</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhonian+Buddhism%3A+A+Philosophical+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000350074&rft.aulast=Kuzminski&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFsays">says, Unknown. <a class="external text" href="https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016.02.32/" rel="nofollow">"Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia – Bryn Mawr Classical Review"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia+%E2%80%93+Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=Unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbmcr.brynmawr.edu%2F2016%2F2016.02.32%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJayatilleke">Jayatilleke, K.N. <i>Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge</i>. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, p. 122.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Theory+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.%2C+London%2C+p.+122&rft.aulast=Jayatilleke&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua1921299-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua1921299_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#CITEREFBarua1921">Barua 1921</a>, p. 299.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963129–130-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963129%E2%80%93130_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#CITEREFJayatilleke1963">Jayatilleke 1963</a>, pp. 129–130.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintoff1980-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintoff1980_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#CITEREFFlintoff1980">Flintoff 1980</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963130-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963130_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#CITEREFJayatilleke1963">Jayatilleke 1963</a>, pp. 130.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Popkin_2003-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-Popkin_2003_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPopkin2003">Popkin, Richard Henry (2003). <i>The History of Scepticism : from Savonarola to Bayle</i> (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198026716" title="Special:BookSources/9780198026716">9780198026716</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65192690" rel="nofollow">65192690</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Scepticism+%3A+from+Savonarola+to+Bayle&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65192690&rft.isbn=9780198026716&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Richard+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMatytsin,_Anton_M.2016">Matytsin, Anton M. (6 November 2016). <i>The specter of skepticism in the age of Enlightenment</i>. Baltimore. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421420530" title="Special:BookSources/9781421420530">9781421420530</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960048885" rel="nofollow">960048885</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+specter+of+skepticism+in+the+age+of+Enlightenment&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960048885&rft.isbn=9781421420530&rft.au=Matytsin%2C+Anton+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Bakewell, <i>How to Live: Or A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer</i> 2011 p 127 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590514831" title="Special:BookSources/1590514831">1590514831</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a>, page 7, section 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFriedrich_NietzscheMaudemarie_ClarkAlan_J._Swensen1998">Friedrich Nietzsche; Maudemarie Clark; Alan J. Swensen (1998). <i>On the Genealogy of Morality</i>. Hackett Publishing. p. 79.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Genealogy+of+Morality&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Friedrich+Nietzsche&rft.au=Maudemarie+Clark&rft.au=Alan+J.+Swensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Thomas C. <a class="external text" href="http://www.thomaspowell.co.uk/article_pdfs/Fallibilism_web_version.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Fallibilism and Organizational Research: The Third Epistemology"</a>, <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Management_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Journal of Management Research (page does not exist)">Journal of Management Research</a></i> 4, 2001, pp. 201–219.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepanci/" rel="nofollow">"Ancient Greek Skepticism"</a> at the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Williams, "Fogelin's Neo-Pyrrhonism", <i>International Journal of Philosophical Studies</i> Volume 7, Issue 2, 1999, p141</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSmithBueno2016">Smith, Plínio Junqueira; Bueno, Otávio (7 May 2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-latin-america/" rel="nofollow"><i>Skepticism in Latin America</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skepticism+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Pl%C3%ADnio+Junqueira&rft.au=Bueno%2C+Ot%C3%A1vio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fskepticism-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarua1921">Barua, Benimadhab (1921). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/A.History.of.Pre-Buddhistic.Indian.Philosophy" rel="nofollow"><i>A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy</i></a> (1st ed.). London: University of Calcutta. p. 468.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pre-Buddhistic+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=468&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Benimadhab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FA.History.of.Pre-Buddhistic.Indian.Philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFlintoff1980">Flintoff, Everard (1980). "Pyrrho and India". <i>Phronesis</i>. Brill. <b>25</b> (1): 88–108. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852880X00052" rel="nofollow">10.1163/156852880X00052</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4182084" rel="nofollow">4182084</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phronesis&rft.atitle=Pyrrho+and+India&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-108&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852880X00052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4182084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flintoff&rft.aufirst=Everard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJayatilleke1963">Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 524.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Theory+of+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=524&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Jayatilleke&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FEarly%2520Buddhist%2520Theory%2520of%2520Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFThorsrud">Thorsrud, Harold. <a class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepanci" rel="nofollow">"Ancient Greek Skepticism"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Skepticism&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Thorsrud&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fskepanci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFVogt">Vogt, Katja. <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/" rel="nofollow">"Ancient Skepticism"</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Skepticism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fskepticism-ancient%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyrrhonism"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyrrhonism" title="commons:Category:Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/browse/pyrrhonian-skepticism" rel="nofollow">Pyrrhonian Skepticism</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div class="navbox" style="padding: 3px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing: 0; background: transparent; color: inherit;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Skepticism" title="Template:Skepticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Skepticism" title="Template talk:Skepticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Skepticism&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skepticism" style="font-size: 114%; margin: 0 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Moral</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_skepticism" title="Local skepticism">Local</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_skepticism" title="Radical skepticism">Radical</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skeptical philosophies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Cartesian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyrrhonism</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;">Skeptical arguments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">Acatalepsy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus#The_ten_modes_of_Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Ten Modes of Aenesidemus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic#The_Five_Tropes" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Five Modes of Agrippa</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">Impermanence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-essentialism" title="Non-essentialism">Non-essentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_the_criterion" title="Problem of the criterion">Problem of the criterion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" title="Ship of Theseus">Ship of Theseus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_hypothesis" title="Skeptical hypothesis">Skeptical hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil genius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">Brain in a vat</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_is_one_hand" title="Here is one hand">Here is one hand</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Process reliabilism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_closure" title="Epistemic closure">Epistemic closure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_about_skepticism" title="Lists about skepticism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_skepticism" title="List of books about skepticism">List of books about skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_conferences" title="List of skeptical conferences">List of skeptical conferences</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_magazines" title="List of skeptical magazines">List of skeptical magazines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_organizations" title="List of skeptical organizations">List of skeptical organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_podcasts" title="List of skeptical podcasts">List of skeptical podcasts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div class="navbox" style="padding: 3px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing: 0; background: transparent; color: inherit;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="font-size: 114%; margin: 0 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiskos" title="Lamiskos">Lamiskos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontinus" title="Brontinus">Brontinus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphon_of_Croton" title="Calliphon of Croton">Calliphon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Cos" title="Metrodorus of Cos">Metrodorus of Cos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytus_(Pythagorean)" title="Eurytus (Pythagorean)">Eurytus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cynic_philosophers" title="List of Cynic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristippus_the_Younger" title="Aristippus the Younger">Aristippus the Younger</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus the Atheist</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyrenaic_philosophers" title="Category:Cyrenaic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menedemus" title="Menedemus">Menedemus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Phlius" title="Asclepiades of Phlius">Asclepiades of Phlius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Megarian_philosophers" title="Category:Megarian philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Peripatetic_philosophers" title="Category:Peripatetic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyrrhonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Skeptic_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Lucius Annaeus Cornutus</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)">Metrodorus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Oenoanda" title="Diogenes of Oenoanda">Diogenes of Oenoanda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Epicurean_philosophers" title="List of Epicurean philosophers">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Neo-Pythagoreans" title="Category:Neo-Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo the Dialectician</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Kuang" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Herder</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Noir%C3%A9" title="Ludwig Noiré">Ludwig Noiré</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Fritz Mauthner</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Benjamin Lee Whorf</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Bergmann" title="Gustav Bergmann">Gustav Bergmann</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Gibson" title="Roger Gibson">Roger Gibson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stalnaker" title="Robert Stalnaker">Robert Stalnaker</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Soames" title="Scott Soames">Scott Soames</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawthorne" title="John Hawthorne">John Hawthorne</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Neale" title="Stephen Neale">Stephen Neale</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montague" title="Richard Montague">Richard Montague</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Partee" title="Barbara Partee">Barbara Partee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width: 1%;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width: 100%; padding: 0;"><div style="padding: 0 0.25em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(natural_language)" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&oldid=1137950780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&oldid=1137950780</a>"</div></div>
<p><strong><a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org">Adblock test</a></strong> <a href="https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html">(Why?)</a></p>Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications is a Treasure Trove2023-02-21T12:05:36.651000ZAl Williamshttps://hackaday.com/2023/02/20/digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications-is-a-treasure-trove/<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/digital-library-of-a/1493574:816805">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1493574.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hackaday.</b>
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<div><img alt="" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" height="625" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/hamlib.png?w=629" style="margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 15px;" width="629" /></div><p>Having a big bookshelf of ham radio books and magazines used to be a point of bragging right for hams. These days, you are more likely to just browse the internet for information. But you can still have, virtually, that big shelf of old ham books, thanks to the DLARC — the digital library of <a href="https://archive.org/details/dlarc" target="_blank">Amateur Radio and Communications</a>.</p>
<p>A grant from a private foundation has enable the Internet Archive to scan and index a trove of ham radio publications, including the old Callbooks, 73 Magazine, several ham radio group’s newsletters from around the globe, Radio Craft, and manuals from Icom, Kenwood, Yaesu, and others.</p>
<p><span id="more-577553"></span></p>
<p>There are some old QST magazines and the index to newer ones. You can find catalogs and military documents. We miss a lot of these old magazines and newsletters. For example, RCA’s “<a href="https://archive.org/details/rca-ham-tips?&sort=-week&page=2" target="_blank">Ham Tips</a>” is something you won’t find anything like anymore. Most of the material is in English, but there are some other languages represented. For example, the Dutch version of <a href="https://archive.org/details/populaire-electronica" target="_blank">Popular Electronics</a> is available. There’s also material in Afrikaans, Japanese, German, and Spanish.</p>
<p>Some of this is only of historical interest. But some of the RF and electronic design information in here is timeless. Also, if you want to find information about that boat anchor you bought at the garage sale, this isn’t a bad place to look for the original manuals. It reminded us, on a smaller scale, of the <a href="https://worldradiohistory.com" target="_blank">World Radio History</a> site, where we often do research for Hackaday posts about things from the past.</p>
<p>Not a ham? Doesn’t matter. A lot of this information is interesting to anyone who wants to know more about electronics. Then again, why aren’t you? [Dan Maloney] <a href="https://hackaday.com/2019/03/08/the-50-ham-getting-your-ticket-punched/">can get you going</a> for under $50. If you think of hams as old people banging on code keys, you might be surprised <a href="https://hackaday.com/2022/07/15/helping-secure-amateur-radios-digital-future/">at what the modern ham station</a> looks like.</p>Microsoft and Nintendo sign "binding 10-year agreement" for Call of Duty2023-02-21T12:04:49.409000ZTom Phillipshttps://www.eurogamer.net/microsoft-and-nintendo-sign-binding-10-year-agreement-for-call-of-duty<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/microsoft-and-ninten/1426295:3d63ad">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1426295.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Eurogamer.net News Feed.</b>
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<img src="https://assets.reedpopcdn.com/microsoft-logo-01.jpeg/BROK/resize/1920x1920%3E/format/jpg/quality/80/microsoft-logo-01.jpeg" /> <p>
Microsoft has announced it has finalised a 10-year agreement to launch Call of Duty on Nintendo platforms on "the same day as Xbox, with full feature and content parity".
</p><p>
The move is, of course, reliant on Microsoft's precarious-looking $68.7bn deal to buy Call of Duty maker Activision Blizzard going through.
</p><p>
It's not the first time we've heard of such an agreement. Indeed, <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/microsoft-agrees-10-year-deal-to-bring-call-of-duty-to-nintendo-if-activision-blizzard-buyout-goes-through">Xbox boss Phil Spencer first mentioned a 10-year "commitment" with Nintendo for Call of Duty back in December</a>. Microsoft has also <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/microsoft-formally-confirms-10-year-playstation-call-of-duty-contract-offer">tried to offer the same decade-long deal to PlayStation</a> in a bid to calm its concerns over Xbox owning Activision Blizzard - but with little success.
</p> <p><a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/microsoft-and-nintendo-sign-binding-10-year-agreement-for-call-of-duty">Read more</a></p>Firaxis confirms new Civilisation in development as XCOM designer Jake Solomon departs2023-02-19T07:27:32.876000ZMatt Waleshttps://www.eurogamer.net/firaxis-confirms-new-civilisation-in-development-as-xcom-designer-jake-solomon-departs<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<td width="100%" style="padding-top: 6px;">
<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/firaxis-confirms-new/1426295:6b5843">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/1426295.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Eurogamer.net News Feed.</b>
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<img src="https://assets.reedpopcdn.com/civilization-6-on-switch-will-not-have-online-multiplayer-1541154444734.jpg/BROK/resize/1920x1920%3E/format/jpg/quality/80/civilization-6-on-switch-will-not-have-online-multiplayer-1541154444734.jpg" /> <p>
Strategy focused developer Firaxis has confirmed it's working on a new entry in its long-running Civilization series, with the announcement arriving alongside the news that XCOM and Marvel's Midnight Suns designer Jake Solomon is leaving the studio after 23 years.
</p><p>
The announcement comes as Firaxis promotes Heather Hazen, previously the its chief operating officer, to the position of studio head. Hazen replaces Steve Martin, who served as Firaxis' president and studio head for nearly 17 years.
</p><p>
In a statement accompanying the news, Hazen said, "I'm thrilled to have this opportunity to carry on the studio's storied legacy, beginning with the announcement that Firaxis is in development on the next iteration of the legendary Civilization." Details on the project are thin, but the developer has confirmed Ed Beach, who lead the design of 2016's Civilization 6, will serve as creative director on the new game.
</p> <p><a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/firaxis-confirms-new-civilisation-in-development-as-xcom-designer-jake-solomon-departs">Read more</a></p>Sweet Home 3D is a free interior design application2023-02-19T07:27:00.706000Zhttps://www.sweethome3d.com<table style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; margin: 0; padding: 0; background-color: #F0F0F0" valign="top" align="left" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
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<b>
hexdsl
<a href="https://hexdsl.newsblur.com/story/sweet-home-3d-is-a-f/6124077:309b52">shared this story</a>
from <img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/icons.newsblur.com/6124077.png" style="vertical-align: middle;width:16px;height:16px;"> Hacker News.</b>
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<p align="center"><b>Sweet Home 3D</b> is a free interior design application
<br />which helps you draw the plan of your house, arrange furniture on it and visit the results in 3D.</p>
<div id="owl">
<section class="owl-carousel owl-theme" id="owl-carousel">
<div><a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/SweetHome3DWindows.png" id="imageHyperlink" rel="lightbox" title="Sweet Home 3D"><img id="smallImage" src="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/SweetHome3DSmall.jpg" /></a><br /><i><span>(click on image to enlarge)</span></i></div>
<div><a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/carousel/SweetHome3DAerialView.jpg" rel="lightbox" title="Sweet Home 3D Aerial view"><img src="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/carousel/SweetHome3DAerialViewSmall.jpg" /></a><br /><i><span>(click on image to enlarge)</span></i></div>
<div><a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/carousel/SweetHome3DPlan.jpg" rel="lightbox" title="Sweet Home 3D Plan"><img src="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/carousel/SweetHome3DPlanSmall.jpg" /></a><br /><i><span>(click on image to enlarge)</span></i></div>
<div><a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/carousel/SweetHome3DVirtualVisit.jpg" rel="lightbox" title="Sweet Home 3D Virtual Visit"><img src="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/carousel/SweetHome3DVirtualVisitSmall.jpg" /></a><br /><i><span>(click on image to enlarge)</span></i></div>
</section>
</div>
<p align="center" id="defaultImage"><a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/SweetHome3DWindows.png" rel="lightbox" title="Sweet Home 3D"><img border="0" id="smallImage" src="https://www.sweethome3d.com/images/SweetHome3DSmall.jpg" /></a><br /><i><span>(click on image to enlarge)</span></i>
</p><p align="center">You may download Sweet Home 3D to install it<br />on your computer
and/or use it online within your browser:</p>
<p align="center">Sweet Home 3D is available in English
and <a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/translations.jsp">28 other languages</a>.
<br />It's an open source <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/sweethome3d/">SourceForge.net
project</a> distributed under <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.txt">GNU
General Public License</a>.
</p><p align="center"> Please report <a href="http://sourceforge.net/p/sweethome3d/bugs/">bugs</a>
and <a href="http://sourceforge.net/p/sweethome3d/feature-requests/">requests
for enhancements</a> in Sweet Home 3D tickets<br />and use <a href="https://www.sweethome3d.com/support/forum/?lang=en">Sweet Home 3D forum</a> for
support requests.
</p><p align="center"><i>Sweet Home 3D<sup>®</sup> version 7.0.2<br />Last update : July 31, 2022</i></p>
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